Lecture 8 Flashcards
What is photosynthesis
When light energy is used as a resource for energy
What is the equation for photosynthesis
light energy
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide and water use light energy to make glucose and oxygen
Why are Chloroplasts important
they are the sight of Photosynthesis
What is the structure of Chloroplasts
Three membranes: Outer, inner, Thykaloid
Three Compartments: intermembrane space
Stroma
Thykaloid space (large surface area for light absorption)
Where do light reactions occur
In the Thykaloid membrane
where does carbon fixation occur
in the stroma
What happens in the light reactions
light energy is captured and converted to chemical energy using protein complexes and pigment in the thylakoid membrane
What are photosystems
protein complexes containing chlorophyll
What is chlorophylls role in photosynthesis
they absorb light energy to produce high energy electrons that travel through the photosynthetic electron transport chain
what is the role of water in the light reactions
Water is split to give electrons and protons from Hydrogen
What happens to the electrons from water
Electrons go through the cytochrome complex (create proton gradient) ten into photosystem 1
How is NAP+ catalysed to NADPH
two electrons go into NADP+ reductase to catalyse NADPH
What is the purpose of the cytochrome gradient
The cytochrome gradient created by high energy electrons. It has protons (H+ ions) going through ATP synthase to allow ADP + Pi to form ATP
What are the inputs to the light reaction
6H2O and light energy
What are the outputs of the light reaction
6O2, (ATP, NADPH)- for Calvin cycle
What is the Calvin cycle/Carbon Fixation
ATP and NADPH from light reactions are used to fix carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrate (glucose)
What happens to Carbon Dioxide in the Calvin cycle
3CO2 enter the cycle and are reduced by ATP and NADPH to synthesize 3 carbon sugar glucose
How much ATP and NADPH are needed to synthesize Carbon Dioxide
6ATP that turn to 6ADP
6NADPH that turn to 6NADP+
What is RuBP
RuBP is a CO2 acceptor. After glucose is released, 3 ATP go back to 3ADP to regenerate RuBP so the cycle can continue
What are the inputs into the Calvin cycle
6CO2, ATP and NADPH
What is the Output of the Calvin Cycle
C6H12O6
Glucose
What is ATP Synthase and what does it require for its function
ATP Synthase generates ATP in both processes
it requires a proton gradient across the membrane
What are the similarities of the Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Both have DNA, ribosomes, able to make some proteins
both have an outer and inner membrane
What is the endosymbiosis theory
early eukaryotic cell engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell.
The cells formed an endosymbiont relationship (cell within the cell)
merged together to form mitochondria in the eukaryotic cell
may have also taken up the photosynthetic cell for chloroplasts
