Lecture 8

Question 1

What is photosynthesis

Answer 1

When light energy is used as a resource for energy

Question 2

What is the equation for photosynthesis

Answer 2

light energy
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide and water use light energy to make glucose and oxygen

Question 3

Why are Chloroplasts important

Answer 3

they are the sight of Photosynthesis

Question 4

What is the structure of Chloroplasts

Answer 4

Three membranes: Outer, inner, Thykaloid
Three Compartments: intermembrane space
Stroma
Thykaloid space (large surface area for light absorption)

Question 5

Where do light reactions occur

Answer 5

In the Thykaloid membrane

Question 6

where does carbon fixation occur

Answer 6

in the stroma

Question 7

What happens in the light reactions

Answer 7

light energy is captured and converted to chemical energy using protein complexes and pigment in the thylakoid membrane

Question 8

What are photosystems

Answer 8

protein complexes containing chlorophyll

Question 9

What is chlorophylls role in photosynthesis

Answer 9

they absorb light energy to produce high energy electrons that travel through the photosynthetic electron transport chain

Question 10

what is the role of water in the light reactions

Answer 10

Water is split to give electrons and protons from Hydrogen

Question 11

What happens to the electrons from water

Answer 11

Electrons go through the cytochrome complex (create proton gradient) ten into photosystem 1

Question 12

How is NAP+ catalysed to NADPH

Answer 12

two electrons go into NADP+ reductase to catalyse NADPH

Question 13

What is the purpose of the cytochrome gradient

Answer 13

The cytochrome gradient created by high energy electrons. It has protons (H+ ions) going through ATP synthase to allow ADP + Pi to form ATP

Question 14

What are the inputs to the light reaction

Answer 14

6H2O and light energy

Question 15

What are the outputs of the light reaction

Answer 15

6O2, (ATP, NADPH)- for Calvin cycle

Question 16

What is the Calvin cycle/Carbon Fixation

Answer 16

ATP and NADPH from light reactions are used to fix carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrate (glucose)

Question 17

What happens to Carbon Dioxide in the Calvin cycle

Answer 17

3CO2 enter the cycle and are reduced by ATP and NADPH to synthesize 3 carbon sugar glucose

Question 18

How much ATP and NADPH are needed to synthesize Carbon Dioxide

Answer 18

6ATP that turn to 6ADP

6NADPH that turn to 6NADP+

Question 19

What is RuBP

Answer 19

RuBP is a CO2 acceptor. After glucose is released, 3 ATP go back to 3ADP to regenerate RuBP so the cycle can continue

Question 20

What are the inputs into the Calvin cycle

Answer 20

6CO2, ATP and NADPH

Question 21

What is the Output of the Calvin Cycle

Answer 21

C6H12O6

Glucose

Question 22

What is ATP Synthase and what does it require for its function

Answer 22

ATP Synthase generates ATP in both processes

it requires a proton gradient across the membrane

Question 23

What are the similarities of the Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 23

Both have DNA, ribosomes, able to make some proteins

both have an outer and inner membrane

Question 24

What is the endosymbiosis theory

Answer 24

early eukaryotic cell engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell.
The cells formed an endosymbiont relationship (cell within the cell)
merged together to form mitochondria in the eukaryotic cell
may have also taken up the photosynthetic cell for chloroplasts