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Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

deviance

A

the recognized violation of cultural norms

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2
Q

crime

A

a distinctive category of deviance. the violation of norms that a society formally enacts into criminal law

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3
Q

problems that occur when measuring crime

A
  • official statistics: official statistics only include crimes reported to police; this may not include all the crimes commited
  • British crime survey: a victimization survey may be given to ask people about their experience of crime. people do not always respond fully or truthfully to such surveys
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4
Q

8 ways in which crime become increasingly globalized

A
  • trafficking in commodities: illegal markets in weapons, pornography, drugs
  • human trafficking: illegal markets that sell people and their body parts
  • trafficking in money: money laundering
  • development of cybercrimes: internet facilitates new kinds of criminal activity
  • environment crimes: ‘new crimes’ emerging from criminal neglect or more criminal activity
  • mediatization of crime
  • global crimes of war and new terrorism
  • globalization of crime control: in the search for a more secure society, more groups are being monitored
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5
Q

the narco state

A

is an area that has been taken over and is controlled and corrupted by drug cartels, where law enforcement is weak or effectively non-existent

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6
Q

war on drugs

A

cannot be considered a succes because
- there have been few signs of the global drug problem diminishing
- a new, massive world population of imprisoned drug users has emerged
- there has been a major development of organized crime and drug cartels
- whole communities have became organized through drug dealing and gangs

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7
Q

social control system

A

refers to the planned and programmed responses to expected deviance. at the most visible level this involves a criminal justice system.

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8
Q

criminal justice system

A

a societal reaction to alleged violations of law utilizing police, court, and prison officials

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9
Q

key feature of the modern western control system

A

bureaucracym

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10
Q

3 ways to characterize the modern control system

A
  • the old system of public control of prisons and policing has continued to expand, and prison populations have increased dramatically
  • starting from WWII, a new and largely informal system of control has been added
  • the system has expanded greatly to include newer surveillance techniques, many of which are privately sponsored and funded
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11
Q

prison industrial complex

A

a term used to explain the expansion and growth of prisions

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12
Q

informal control

A

an expansion of prison, which brings an ever-increasing number of people into the control network

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12
Q

privatization

A

The privatization of prisons is increasing, as more countries have come to see privatization as one fruitful way of handling the penal crisis. it is argued that this is more economical, flexible, and efficient

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13
Q

bifurication

A

separating the really serious offenders from the ordinary offenders

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14
Q

surveillance society

A

a society dependent on communication and information technologies for administrative and control processes, which results in the close monitoring of everyday life. can happen informally or formally

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15
Q

penal populism

A

the idea that the public has a generally punitive stance towards crime and criminals and politicians can benefit from exploiting this belief

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16
Q

the classical school of criminology

A

highlights the nature of crime as a rational choice. people commit crime when they can maximize their grains and be relatively sure of not beig punished

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17
Q

punishment

A

must be essentialy public, prompt, necessary, the least possible in the given circumstances, and dictated by laws

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18
Q

takes of the classical school

A
  • the degree of likelihood that the offender returns to crime is irrelevant to the choice of sentence
  • indeterminate sentences should be abolished; offenders should know what they will get
  • sentencing discretion should be reduced, and a system of standard penalties should be introduced
  • imprisonment should be limited to serious offenses
  • milder penalties should not claim to rehabilitate but simply be less severe punishment
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19
Q

critics of the classical school argue

A
  • crime is a free choice; many accounts argue that it is determined in some way. if this is the case, simple deterrence will not work
  • argued that not all people are rational and act out of self-interest and will not be deterred even if they know their future punishment
  • the theory also asumes that societies work in fair way, which is nearly impossible
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20
Q

positivist theories

A

focus on characteristics and causes of a criminal type

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21
Q

positivistic criminology

A

a particular approach or paradigm towards crime involving niological or psychological theories

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22
Q

major characteristics of postivist criminology

A

-always focuses on the criminal as a specific type of person. there has been a classification system made to identify different offerders
- looks for ways criminals differ from others
- seeks out explanations for criminal conduct as being in some way out of control of the criminal who perpetuates criminal acts. criminality is a result of things like XYY chromosomes, meaning positivism is a deterministic theory

23
Q

critics of the positivist school

A
  • biological theories explain only a small proportion.
  • limited evidence for the link between genes and crime
  • limited evidence that personality patterns are connected to delinquency
  • positivist approach also offers no insight into how some kinds of behavior come to be defined as deviant in the first place
24
3 social foundations of deviance
- deviance varies according to cultural norms - people become deviant as others define them that way - rulemaking and breaking involve social power
25
functionalist theory
teach us that far from always being disruptive, crime may contribute to a social system and underlie the operation of society
26
4 functions of devians essential to society (Durkheim)
- deviance affirms cultural values and norms - responding to deviance clarifies moral boundries - responding to deviance promotes social unity - deviance encourages social change
27
Merton's strain theory
states that devaince may be inevitable in all societies, and excessive violations only arise from particular social arrangements.
28
Merton
argues that the path to conformity was to be found in pursuing conventional goals by approved means - innovation - ritualism - retreatism - rebellion
29
innovation
the attempt to achieve a culturally approved goal by unconventional means. this applies to people who do not have opportunities to reach it the conventional way
30
ritualism
would be a type of deviance that resolves the strain of limited success by abandoning cultural goals in favor of almost compulsive efforts to 'live'resoectably'—losing' sight of larger goals
31
reteatism
the rejecation of both cultural goals and means so that one, if effect, 'drops out'. the deivance lies in unconventional living and in accepting this situation
32
rebellion
means that one rejects both the cultural definition of success and the normative means of achieving it. rebels advocate for radical alternatives to the existing social order. it looks at society as a whole and finds strains within the system
33
youthful deviant subcultures
are groups of youth that become deliquent because of status frusturation, the process in which people feel thwarted when they aspire to a certain status
34
6 focal concerns of these deviant subcultures
- trouble - toughness - smartness/street smarts - excitement - preoccupation with fate - autonomy
35
crticism Merton
Merton's strain theory has been criticized for explaining some kinds of deviance far better than others. additionally the strain theory implies that everyone seeks success in unconventional ways, which is not the case
36
conflict subcultures
violence is ignited by frustration and a desire for fame and respect
37
retreatist subcultures
those who fail to achieve success even by criminal means may sink to retreatist subcultures, dropping out through abuse of alcohol or other drugs
38
Sutherland's differential assocation theory
states that learning any social pattern is a process that takes place in groups
39
labeling theory
claim that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people od but from how others respond to those actions
40
primary deivance
is epidoes of norm violation that provoke little reaction from others and have litle effect on a person's self-concept
41
secondary deviance
is a response to initial deviance, which is created when the people around you push you away for a display of certain deviant behavior. the individual may develop a deviant identity
42
deviant career
the onset of secondary deviance marks the emergence of what Erving Goffmann called deviant career
43
stigma
powerful negative social lavel that radically changes a person's self-concept and social identity. acquired by a strong commitment to deviance
44
retrospective labeling
the interpretation of someone's past consistent with present evidence. distorts the person's biography in a highly selective and prejudical way, guided more by the present stigma than by any attempt to be fair
45
medicalisation of deviance
transformation of moral and legal issues into medical matters
46
consequences of whether we define deviance as moral or medical issue
- it affects who responds to deviance, such as medical professionals - it affects how people respond to deviance - two labels differ on the issue of the personal competence of the deviant person
47
critics of labeling perspective
the theory glosses over acts of deviance that are condemned virtually everywhere.
48
conflict theory links deviance to power in 3 ways
- norms: the norms and laws of society generally bolster the interests of the rich and powerful. people who threaten the wealthy come to be tagged as common thieves or political radicals - recourses: the powerful have resources to result in deviant labels - we may condemn the unequal application of the law but give little thought to whether the laws themselves areinherently unfair
49
Spitzer
argued following Marxist tradition that deviant labels are applied to people who impede the operation of capitalism. this is because: - capitalism is based on private ownership; the poor stealing from the rich is devaint but the opposite is not - capitalism depends on productive labor, those who cannot work risk deviant labeling - capitalism depends on respect fro authority; people who resist are labeeld devaint - anyone who directly challenges the cpaitlaist status quo is likely to be defined as deviant
50
critics of conflict theory
- state that the assumption that laws and cultural norms are created to benefit the rick is an oversimplification; some laws protect workers, consumers, and the environment
51
left realism
argues that much crime is largely done by the working class, as many of the victims of crime are overwhelmingly poor and working class, and often ethnically deprived
52
relative deprivation
a perceived disadvantage arising from a specific comparison
53
marginalization
where peoplelive on the edge of society and outside the mainstream with little stake in society overall
54
what is crime produced by
- relative deprivation - marginalization
55
what do left realists argue?
that you should see crime in context. they argue for fundemental shifts in economic situations, enlightened prison policies, environmental design, and accountable police
56
feminist criminologists
research issues that women deal with and the way they get handled by police courts and prisons

Sociology (22 decks)

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