lecture 8 Flashcards
the prisoner dilemma originates from ____
game theory
what predicts cooperation between people and groups
- situational determinants
- construal processes
- culture
- evolution
what is reputation
the collective beliefs, evaluations, and impression people hold about an individual within a social network
in the language of the prisoners dilemma, we judge people as being one of two things:
- cooperators (2 points)
- defectors (6 points)
people are more likely to cooperate in the game with someone they’ve been told is ____
helpful
one of the primary reasons we gossip is to share information about other people’s ___
reputations
what is the mechanism we need for sharing information about others cooperation habits
gossip
the “threat” of reputation harm through gossip serves to keep people ___ and subtly encourage cooperation over defection
in-check
construal and cooperation study
- primed participants with hostile or meaningless words (subliminally)
- participants who saw hostile words = more likely to defect
T/F your major in university is a culture
true
economic majors vs. others
economics = belief in rational thought
- competition should produce the best result for each individual
- each individual should act in their own interest
- less likely to cooperate in the prisoner’s dilemma game
- even economics professors are more likely to defect
Robert Axelrod developed a contest to determine
the most effective method of playing the prisoners dilemma game
the assumption is that the most effective solution for the game would be the one most favoured by evolutionary process
what is the tit-for-tat strategy
choose the cooperate strategy in the first round then repeat whatever the opponent does the following round infinitely.
doesn’t will every game but wins the most often
how does tit-for-tat work (5 factors)?
it is:
1.) cooperative
(encourages cooperation)
2.) not envious
(partner will do just as well by following the same strategy)
3.) not exploitable
(can’t take advantage of it)
4.) forgiving
(it will cooperate again at the very first sign of cooperation)
5.) easy to read/learn
(should not take the opponent long to figure out how it works)
rules to live by via prisoner dilemma
1.) be nice
2.) be loyal and reliable
3.) don’t be a push over
4.) be forgiving
5.) be clear
what are attitudes
a long held belief that guides our social interactions
the ABCs of attitudes
A = Affect
(how does someone feel towards something)
B = Behaviour
(how does someone act on their belief)
C = Cognition
(what is the belief? what knowledge do you have about the subject)
description = cognition
feeling = affect
frequency = behaviour
together = attitude towards ___
why do we have attitudes
they can useful in helping to guide our behaviour
good feeling = approach
bad feeling = avoid
how do we measure attitudes
1.) self report
(likert scales - strongly disagree to strongly agree)
2.) implicit association tests
(method of assessing attitudes without the participant knowing that attitudes are assessed)
3.) physiological measurements
(skin conductance – sweat –, heartbeat, brain activity)
skin conductance:
electrodermal activity/galvanic skin response
can our attitudes predict our behaviour
sometimes:
you feel more positively towards something, you’re more likely to indulge in it
what is attitude consistency
the notion that for any given attitude, the ABCs of that attitude will usually be in line with each other:
ex. ice cream
Affect = I like it
Behaviour = I eat it
Cognition = I think it’s great and delicious
T/F attitudes are always in sync
false: sometimes our affect and cognition are out of sync therefore the behaviour will depend upon which factor is stronger in the given situation
Strong attitudes predict —-> _______
Intention —> _________
Strong attitudes predict —-> strong intentions (of acting on attitudes)
Intention —> predicts actual behaviour
ex. it’s easier to throw batteries out
- but if you have a particularly strong attitude about recycling, it will increase your intention to recycle
- increases your recycling behaviour
- even if it a costly behaviour
T/F a situation can also influence whether attitudes will predict beahviour
true:
attitude strength may differ by situation, attitude might be relevant in one situation, behaviour might occur in a different situation
situational context of the attitude vs behaviour
ex. teenage smoking
attitude = smoking is bad
intention = i won’t smoke
attitude –> around parents, family, teachers
behaviour –> around peers
behaviours will be consistent with attitudes when the behaviour occurs in the same situation where the attitude is expressed
general vs specific attitudes and predicting behaviour
is it important to have safer-sex? (general)
the next time you have sex, will you take precaution to make sure it’s safer sex? (specific)
how are we targets of other peoples attempts to persuade us
- advertising
- fake news
- propaganda
- recuitment
dual process approaches to persuasion
1.) the elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
- Petty and Cacioppo
- how likely is it that people will elaborate on this argument and give it “elaborate” thought and consideration
2.) Heuristic- systematic model (HSM)
- Chaiken
BOTH USE 2 ROUTES:
(1) systematic/central route
* occurs when we think carefully and deliberately about the content of a persuasive message
* consider all evidence
* look at strengths of all arguments
* only the quality and logic of the argument will persuade us
(2) heuristic/peripheral route * heuristic = mental shortcuts that ease the cognition load of making a decision/processing a piece of information * paying attention to who is delivering the argument/how many people agree * occurs when people only pay attention to the peripheral aspect of the message (easy to process elements)
in an ideal world, we would only use the ____/____ route to persuasion
central/systematic
what determines which (persuasion) route we will use in an given situation
MOTIVATIONAND ABILITY
- do you have the energy to put the effort required to carefully consider the argument
- is the topic of personal interest (therefore intrinsic motivation)
- does the outcome impact you personally?
- even if you have the motivation, do you have the ability to do so?
- do you have previous knowledge
- do you have the time, cognitive ability (state – lack of cognitive ability right now/trait – lack cognitive ability in general)
Yale study says persuasive messages can be evaluated based on three components
1.) who
- source of the message
what matters:
* attractiveness
* credibility
* certainty
2.) what
- content of the message
what matters:
* message quality (high quality messages are more persuasive – especially in central route)
* vividness (summaries, conclusions, take-away messages – colourful, memorable, emotional, interesting)
* fear (instructions on how to quit smoking, induce fear about dangers of smoking, induce fear and provide instructions)
3.) whom
- target of the message
what matters:
* need for cognition (how much does the target audience like to think deeply about things)
* mood (can serve as construals)
* age (younger = more likely to be persuaded)
* audience size + diversity (larger audience = more arguments to persuade)
people with a high need for cognition vs low need
HIGH
- best persuaded by central/systematic route
- elaborate attention to detail
LOW
- more easily persuaded through peripheral/heuristic
- “ooooo shiny”
abstract points
- can be interpreted in multiple ways
- might hit home with more than one person for various reasons
