Lecture 8 Flashcards
- (blank) reflexes:
- Muscle Stretch Reflex
- Golgi Tendon Reflex
- Flexor Reflex & Crossed Extension Reflex
- (blank) responses (brain stem)
- Ventilation
- Blood Pressure Control
• (blank) movement
Spinal cord
Autonomic
voluntary
• (blank) are quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of
glands or muscles to stimulation
What are 4 important properties of (blank)
reflexes
• Important properties: – Reflexes require stimulation – Reflexes are quick – Reflexes are involuntary – Reflexes are stereotyped
- receptor
- sensory neuron
- integration center
- motor neuron
- effector
These are the 5 stages of the (blank) arc
Where is the integration center/interneuron located?
reflex
Spinal cord
What is another name for the flexor reflex?
What is involved in this reflex?
The withdrawal reflex
• Limbs are retracted in response to pain
Flexor reflex:
- Pain (blank) are stimulated
- Afferent action potential heads to spinal cord
- (blank) neuron synapses with interneurons
- Interneuron sends efferent signal through motor neurons
- Motor signal activates flexors and inhibits (blank)
- (blank) pulls itself away from pain
receptors
afferent
extensors
limb
The (blank) reflex is the contraction of extensor muscles in the limb opposite from the one that is withdrawn
– It extends that limb and enables you to keep your (blank)
Branches of the afferent nerve fibers cross from the stimulated side to the contralateral side, synapse with (blank), excite or inhibit motor neurons on this side
crossed extension
balance
interneurons
(blank) Reflex
• Sensory neurons located in muscle detect changes in stretch
• Adjust strength of (blank) to minimize stretch
Muscle Stretch
contraction
• An example from baseball.
• A pitcher throws a curve ball to Jose Bautista…
• Jose’s (blank) see the ball coming towards him and is able to identify the pitch as a curve
ball
• (blank) nerves (afferent) send that information to the CNS
• In the CNS the sensory nerve synapses with motor nerves
• The motor nerves in turn (blank) the muscles (deltoid and pectoralis major) required to swing the bat in the proper position to hit the ball
eyes
sensory
stimulates
• Inside the fibres of the deltoid and pectoralis major, (blank) is released
• The calcium allows myosin heads to attach to actin
• When the heads swivel the fibres of the deltoid muscle will (blank
• The shortening of the fibres will pull on the humerus causing Jose to swing the bat
• The muscle spindles “tell” the (blank) when the arm is in the correct position
• If all goes as planned, the deltoid and pectoralis major will move his arms into a
position to hit the ball
Remember, each (blank) ending stimulates a separate muscle fibre
calcium
shorten
CNS
nerve
Muscle cramps
- Usually occurs during (blank) in the heat (profuse sweating)
- Sweat has high concentration of (blank) (NaCl)
- During cramps, action potentials fire at a rate of 300/s – far greater than during (blank) contractions
dehydration
sodium chloride
voluntary
(blank) energy:
carbohydrates
fats
chemical (blank):
carbon dioxide
water
chemical
waste
• Substrates – Fuel sources from which we make energy ((blank) triphosphate [ATP]) • Carbohydrate • fat • protein
• Bioenergetics
– Process of converting (blank) into energy
– Performed at cellular level
• Metabolism: chemical (blank)’s in the body
adenosine
substrates
reaction
• (blank)GONIC – CHO oxidation – Fatty Acid Oxidation – Protein Oxidation – Fermentation – CATABOLISM
• (blank)GONIC – Mechanical movement – Synthesis of cellular components – Electrochemical gradients – Fuel storage – ANABOLISM
What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic?
Exer
Ender
exergonic GIVES OFF energy
endergonic CONSUMES energy
Measuring energy release
• Can be calculated from heat produced
• 1 calorie (cal) = heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 (blank) of water by
1°C
• 1,000 cal = 1 (blank) = 1 Calorie (dietary)
gram
kcal
All muscle contraction depends on (blank); no other energy source can serve in its place
– “Molecular unit of currency”
– Acts as an intracellular energy (blank) unit
– Provides (blank) to fulfill basic cellular functions
ATP
transfer
energy
• Metabolic pathway: a series of (enzyme) mediated reactions leading to the formation of a specific product
• Metabolic flux: (blank) of molecules through a pathway
• Control of metabolic flux (↑ flux)
– ↑ substrate concentration
– ↑ affinity for substrate by allosteric modification
– ↑ enzyme concentration
enzyme
flow
What are Enzymes? • Proteins – Produced by the cell – They are (blank) (substrate specific, specific action) – They are regulatable • Catalysts that regulate the (blank) of reactions – Lower the energy of activation – Remain (intact) following reaction
specific
speed
intact
What are 4 factors that regulate enzyme activity?
• Factors that regulate enzyme activity – Temperature – pH – Concentration – Allosteric regulators
- Traditional view is that a pathway (blank) was controlled by a single rate-limiting step
- MCA advocates that metabolic control is shared between all enzymes in a pathway with different enzymes exhibiting different degrees of control
- Rather than rate-limiting the term ‘rate-(blank)’ has been suggested
The activity of one (blank) can limit the rate of an entire reaction
flux
determining
enzyme
(blank)lysis of ATP:
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + H+
Exergonic= release of free energy to (blank) decline in stored energy
What is the reverse of hydrolysis of ATP?
hydro
surroundings
condensation
ATPase vs ATP synthase?
ATPase takes in H20 and releases energy
ATP synthase releases H20 and absorbs energy
(blank)rylation of ATP
PCr + ADP - ATP + Cr
Produces (blank) kinase
phospho
creatine
• Cells generate ATP by 3 methods:
– The ATP-PCr system ((blank)agen)
– The Glycolytic system ((blank)lysis)
– The Oxidative system ((blank) phosphorylation)
phosph
glyco
oxidative
Endergonic reactions
- Mechanical work of (blank) reactions
- (blank) work involving the synthesis of cellular molecules
- Transport work involving “(blank) transport” of substances
muscle
chemical
active
Bioenergetics • (blank) of ATP – Phosphocreatine (PCr) breakdown – Degradation of glucose and glycogen (glycolysis) – Oxidative formation of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) • (blank) pathways – Do not involve O2 – PCr breakdown and glycolysis • Aerobic pathways –(blank) O2 – Oxidative phosphorylation • Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
formation
anaerobic
require
How much ATP do we consume during a muscle contraction? • A single muscle fibre may contain up to 15 billion thick (blank) • When that muscle fibre is actively contracting, each thick filament breaks down roughly 2,500 (blank) molecules per second In a (blank)-second contraction a muscle can consume roughly 37,500,000,000,000 ATP molecules!
filaments
ATP
3
- The (blank) of ATP produces 7 kcal/mole
* So for every 6.02x 10 to the 23 molecules of ATP, you get only 7 kcal.
hydrolysis
Energy Systems
• (blank)
– Krebs Cycle
– Electron Transport Chain
• (blank)
– ATP-PCr System
– Glycolysis
aerobic
anaerobic
