Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology of physical activity > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is studying physiology important?

A

it is the foundation upon which we build our knowledge of what “life” is, how to treat disease, and how to cope with stresses imposed upon our bodies by different
environments/conditions
-Physiology is beautiful
-It will broaden your scientific outlook
-It helps you realize that body functions are integrated
-Physiology is a work-in-progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 6 layers of the human body, from smallest to largest

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organs
  5. Systems
  6. Organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules on the chemical level

A

Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What part of the cell carries out functions

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is unique about stem cells?

A

A stem cell is essentially a “blank” cell, capable of becoming another
more differentiated cell type in the body, such as a skin cell, a muscle cell, or a
nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 major tissue types?

A
  • Nervous
    • Specialized in impulse production and transmission
    – Muscle
    • Specialized for contracting and generating tension
    – Epithelial
    • Specialized for surface lining and exchange
    – Connective
    • Specialized for connecting and supporting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many types of tissue are present in all organs

A

2 or more different types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A 
circulatory
digestive
respiratory
urinary
skeletal
muscular
integumentary
immune
nervous
endocrine
reproductive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What components of the internal environment maintain homeostasis

A

– Temperature
– Volume & pressure
– Composition( Nutrients, gases, waste products, pH, salt and other electrolytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the cell membrane do? why is it important?

A

The CELL MEMBRANE is chiefly responsible for
maintaining homeostasis inside a living cell using
different methods to transport molecules in and out of
the cell.

it is important because:
-Too much water can burst the cell
-Too many wastes can poison the cell
-The cell cannot tolerate any great variations in ion 
conditions.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 jobs of the cell membrane

A
  1. Isolate the cytoplasm from the external environment
  2. Regulate the exchange of substances (gases and ions)
  3. Communicate with other cells
  4. Identification (proteins and carbohydrates on its
    surface)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 6 integral types of membrane proteins and what are their functions

A

receptor-binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells
enzyme-breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect
ion channel-A channel protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass into and out of the cell
gated ion channel-A gated channel that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times
cell-identity marker-A glycoprotein acting as a cell identity marker distinguishing the body’s own cells from foreign cells
cell-adhesion module-binds one cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport? what are 3 examples of each?

A 
-Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
1.Diffusion
2.Facilitated Diffusion
3.Osmosis
-Active Transport
cell does use energy
1.Protein Pumps
2.Endocytosis
3.Exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of channels perform diffusion? how does it work?

A

-Protein channels are holes or pores in the membrane
formed by an integral membrane protein
-Allow small molecules to freely diffuse across
membranes(Water, Ions)
-Can be selectively permeable (Na+, K+ channels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 types of gated channels? are they passive or active?

A

Voltage-gated and Ligand-gated channels

They are passive channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are water soluble substances passed

A

membrane proteins

17
Q

What is active transport? what’s one example?

A 
• Active transport is the movement of a 
substance across of membrane against it’s
concentration gradient
• Requires Energy!!! (i.e. ATP)
– e.g. Na+/K+ Pump
18
Q

What are the 2 different types of gradients

A

chemical gradient = difference in solute concentration across a membrane
electrical gradient = difference in charge across a membrane

19
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis

A

endocytosis=cell eating

exocytsosis=cell dumping

20
Q

Can active transport be blocked? what’s an example?

A

-Membranes & Ion channels can be stopped from transporting molecules with inhibitors
which either destroy the membrane protein or just plug it up
-Examples include botulinum and poison

21
Q

What does botulinum and black widow venom antagonize?

A

the release of acetylcholine

22
Q

What are 2 control systems that maintain homeostasis?

A

• Nervous system
– Controls and coordinates bodily activities that require
rapid responses
– Detects and initiates reactions to changes in external
environment
• Endocrine system
– Secreting glands of endocrine systems regulate
activities that require duration rather than speed
– Controls concentration of nutrients and, by adjusting
kidney function, controls internal environment’s
volume and electrolyte composition

23
Q

What is needed for a control system to maintain homeostasis?

A

– Detect deviations from normal in the internal
environment that need to be held within narrow
limits
– Integrate this information with other relevant
information
– Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore
factor to its desired value

24
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback? what does feedforward mean?

A

• Feedback - refers to responses made after change has
been detected
– Types of feedback systems
• Negative
• Positive
• Feedforward - term used for responses made in
anticipation of a change

25
Q

What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?

A 
• Receptor/Sensor
– monitors a controlled 
condition
• Control center
– determines next action
• Effector
– receives directions from the 
control center
– produces a response that 
changes the controlled 
condition
26
Q

What is the 4 step process of the homeostasis of blood pressure?

A
  • Baroreceptors in walls of blood vessels detect an increase in BP
  • Brain receives input and signals blood vessels and heart
  • Blood vessels dilate, HR decreases
  • BP decreases
27
Q

What’s an example of a positive feedback system?

A

Pregnancy(increased stretching of cervix releases more oxytocin, more oxytocin increases the stretching of the cervix)

Other examples:
• Reproductive hormone cycles in females
• Action potentials in nerve cells
• Uterine contractions during 
childbirth
28
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback?

A
  • control of car speed up a hill

- control of body temperature

29
Q

What are the 4 steps of feedback control?

A
  1. A change in the regulated variable results in altered activity of the sensor
  2. The sensors change in activity will cause a change in the feedback controller
  3. Feedback controller alters the activity of one or more effector(s)
  4. The effector(s) acts on the regulated variable to return it to is original state
30
Q

What is feedforward control? what are some examples?

A

• Feed Forward:
– Happens before the error signal is detected(anticipatory)
– Because they do not respond directly to changes in
homeostatic variable feed forward responses can be
wild and uncontrolled
Examples
- salivation, male erection, response to pending exercise

31
Q

What are the 4 stages of feed forward control?

A
  1. Disturbance is measured prior to a change in homeostasis
  2. This disturbance activates the feed forward controller
  3. Feed forward controller alters the activity of one or more effector(s)
  4. The effector(s) acts on the regulated variable to preempt any change caused by
    the disturbance
32
Q

What are the 4 components of feed forward control?

A

– Measurable Disturbance
– Feed Forward Controller
– Effector
– Regulated Variable

33
Q

What is receptor mediated control? how does it work? what’s an example?

A

Receptor Mediated Control=A way to control the effectors

Signalling Molecule(ex.insulin)-Receptor Protein-Intracellular Signal -Molecules-Target Protein(s)-Response

feedback control of blood glucose-Receptor Mediated signalling triggers both activation of insulin production and increased glucose uptake (outflow from blood glucose pool)

34
Q

What’s an analogy for receptor mediated control?

A

Satellite signal-Satellite Dish-Cable Box-Television-The Witcher

Physiology of physical activity (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions