Lecture 11 Flashcards
- β-oxidation of palmitic acid will be repeated (blank) cycles producing (blank) molecules of acetyl COA.
7
8
Respiratory Quotient (RQ) vs. RER RQ=CO2 produced/O2 consumed at the (blank) RER =CO2 produced/O2 consumed at the (blank)
each substrate has (blank) RQ value
RER can range from (blank) to (blank)
cell
lungs
unique
- 7
- 5
What about Protein?
• Protein is (blank) as either fat or carbohydrate and is therefore difficult to separate from the other two
• Protein consumption is a (blank) percentage of total metabolism during normal conditions and for the purpose of this class will be ignored
metabolized
small
carbohydrates, fats, proteins=energy (blank)
RER, physical activity, thermic effect of food=energy (blank)
in
out
(blank) max= Best single measurement of aerobic fitness
VO2
• VO2max expressed in (blank)
– Easy standard units
– Suitable for non-weight-bearing activities
• VO2max normalized for body weight
– ml O2 kg-1 min-1
– More accurate comparison for different body sizes
– Untrained young men: 44 to 50 versus untrained young women: 38 to 42
– Sex difference due to women’s lower (blank) and hemoglobin
L/min
FFM
No activity (blank)% aerobic or anaerobic
• Estimates of anaerobic effort involve
– Excess postexercise O2 consumption
– Lactate (blank)
100
threshold
Steady state (oxygen consumption) The period of exercise where the body's acute cardiovascular and respiratory changes have come into effect and the body is able to produce enough (blank) to meet demand
oxygen
Lactate Threshold
• Lactate threshold: point at which (blank) lactate
accumulation increase markedly
– Lactate production rate > lactate clearance rate
– Interaction of aerobic and anaerobic systems
– Good indicator of (blank) for endurance exercise
• Usually expressed as percentage of VO2max
blood
potential
• Lactate accumulation - burn and one component thought to contribute to fatigue
– Ability to exercise hard without (blank) lactate beneficial to athletic performance
– Higher lactate threshold = higher sustained exercise intensity = better endurance performance
• For two athletes with same VO2max, higher lactate threshold (blank) better performance
accumulating
predicts
Measuring Anaerobic Capacity • No clear, (blank)-like method for measuring anaerobic capacity • Imperfect but accepted methods – Maximal accumulated O2 deficit – Wingate anaerobic test – Critical power test
VO2
Economy of Effort
• As athletes become more skilled, use less (blank) for given pace
– Independent of VO2max
– Body learns energy economy with practice
• Multifactorial phenomenon
– Economy increase with (blank) of race
– Practice to better economy of movement (form)
– Varies with type of exercise (running vs. swimming)
energy
distance
Energy Cost of Various Activities
• Varies with type and (blank) of activity
• Calculated from VO2, expressed in kilocalories/minute
• Values ignore anaerobic aspects, EPOC
• Daily expenditures depend on
– (blank) level (largest influence)
– Inherent body factors (age, sex, size, weight, FFM)
intensity
activity
Successful Endurance Athletes
- High VO2max
- High lactate threshold (as % VO2max)
- (blank) economy of effort
- High percentage of type (blank) muscle fibers
high
1
For events longer than (blank) minutes average VO2 is below VO2max
Studies have shown despite small added mass, running in lightweight shoes was (blank) economical than running barefoot
10
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