Lecture 8

Question 1

What is klerotarian?

Answer 1

Using random selction to slecet citizens to public office and jury service in ancient athens

Question 2

What are the four models of representation?

Answer 2

• Trusteeship
• Delegation
• Mandate
• Resemblance

Question 3

What is trusteeship?

Answer 3

Experts (knowledge, education and experience) who act in the best intrest of constituents without necessarily consulting them.

Question 4

What is delegation?

Answer 4

Delagtes that have little or no capacity to exercise his or her own judgement or preferences. They only mirror the views of their constituents, making regular consultations before deciding on behalf of constituents.

Question 5

What is mandate?

Answer 5

Representatives adhere to the policy prescriptions of the larger group to which they belong to represent the intrest of the group.

Question 6

What is resemblance?

Answer 6

Representatives need to have characteristics of the larger group to which they belong to represent the intrests of.

Question 7

What is preequiste, rule of law?

Answer 7

A democracy that requires a constitution, that also limits action and rule of the power

Question 8

What are functions of constitutions?

Answer 8

• Guanrantee political and econmic freedoms of citizens.
• Constitutions restrict power between legislative and the excutive
• Constitutions limit the duration if the excution of power
• regulate ordely method of change of the excutive power
• garantee regular, free, fair and competetive eltions of repesentatives of the people on the basis of universal and equal
• Compel governement to be accountable to the people

Question 9

What are the four basic features of an electoral system system

Answer 9

1. The electoral formula
2. The district magnitude
3. The ballot structure
4. The electoral treshold

Question 10

What is the electoral formula?

Answer 10

How votes are counted to allocate states

Question 11

What is the district magnitude

Answer 11

The number of seats per district

Question 12

The ballot structure

Answer 12

How voters can express their choiches, for a list or candidate to both or ranking them.

Question 13

What is the electoral treshold

Answer 13

The minum votes needed by a party to secure representation

Question 14

What are the three main types of electoral formula?

Answer 14

1. Majoritarian
2. Proportional
3. Mixed.

Question 15

What is a majoritarian system/ First oast the post?

Answer 15

Person with the most votes is elected.

A party has as many seats as candidates per district. ( Wins only 1 district in the whole country= 1 seat)

Question 16

What is the “real” majoritarian system?

Answer 16

Multiple rounds until their is a actual majority ( France)

Question 17

What is a ranked-choice ballot?

Answer 17

First choice and then second choice candidate ( UK)

Question 18

What is a closed list?

Answer 18

A ranked parties list.

Spaine, portugal, italy

Question 19

What is open list

Answer 19

A parties list based on preference of the representative.

netherlands, slovakia, austria

Question 20

What is a mixed member proportial system?

Answer 20

Citizens vote for a local representative and for a political party.

Question 21

What is Duverger’s law

Answer 21

That there is a systematic relationship between electoral systems and party systems.

Simple majority, single ballot = Two party system
proportioal representation= multiple systems

Question 22

What are the two effects of electoral systems?

Answer 22

• Mechanical effect

- Psycological effect

Question 23

What is a mechanical effect?

Answer 23

Disproporionality pershishes minority party sovereigity

Question 24

What is a psycological effect?

Answer 24

Voters are reluctant to vote for a party with low chance of winning seats

Question 25

What are the five theroies of voting behavior?

Answer 25

• Party identification model : habits en social
• Sociological model: group membership, social alignment and identity
• Patioral- choice model : calculations of self intrest
• Dominant- ideology model: Ideologial manipulation and control
• partisan dealignment : A decline in the effect to which people allign themself.