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NUTR 512 > Lecture 7a: plants that kill and heal > Flashcards

Lecture 7a: plants that kill and heal Flashcards

1
Q

Calabar bean - scientific name

A

Physostigma venenosum

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2
Q

Calabar bean - part used

A

bean

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3
Q

Calabar bean - bioactive compound

A

Physostigmine

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4
Q

Functions of physostigmine

A
  1. causes death by paralytic asphyxia
  2. it is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
  3. stimulates all the parasympathetic nerves
  4. the ability to contract the pupil led to its use to treat glaucoma
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5
Q

physostigmine is a parasympatholytic/parasympathomimetic ; it is a ——- agent and a miotic/mydriatic drug

A

parasympathomimetic; cholinergic; miotic

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6
Q

Deadly night shade - scientific name

A

Atropa belladonna

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7
Q

Deadly night shade - parts used

A

Foliage and berries

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8
Q

Deadly night shade - bioactive compound

A

Atropine

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9
Q

Deadly night shade is a parasmypatholytic/parasympathomimetic; it is a —— agent and a mydriatic/miotic drug

A

parasympatholytic; anticholinergic; mydriatic

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10
Q

mechanism of action of atropine

A
  • inhibits all the parasympathetic nerves
  • it is a muscarinic cholinergic blocking agent: inhibits the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors
  • its ability to dilate the pupils led to its use before eye examinations and to treat certain conditions
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11
Q

Castor bean - scientific name

A

Ricinus communis

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12
Q

Castor bean - parts used

A

bean

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13
Q

Castor bean - bioactive compound

A

ricin

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14
Q

Ricin - mechanism of action

A

inhibits protein synthesis by specifically and irreversibly inactivating ribosomes (it is a ribosome inactivating protein - RIP)

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15
Q

Describe the different types of RIPs

A

1) type 1: monomer - present in wheat and barley (not poisonous)
2) type 2: dimer - most potent cytotoxic agent. Ricin is a type 2

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16
Q

mechanism of action of RIP2

A

a. the B chain binds to terminal galactose on cell surface receptors and the whole toxin is endocytose
b. the toxin reaches the Golgi and exploits retrograde transport to translocate to the ER
c. the separation of the A and B chains in the ER by protein disulfie isomerase followed by the escape of the A chain to the cytosol through the Sec61 translocon
d. in the cytosol, the A chain depurates adenine nucleotide of alpha sarin loop in the 60S ribosomal subunit and thereby inhibits protein synthesis irreversibly.

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17
Q

humectant - provide an example

A

retain moisture by preventing water loss through the outer layer of the skin
e.g. castor oil

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18
Q

Rosary Pea - scientific name

A

Abrus precatorius

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19
Q

Rosary Pea - parts used

A

bean

20
Q

Rosary Pea - bioactive compound

A

Abrin

21
Q

Lectin - functions

A

CHO binding proteins that are toxic and ubiquitous in nature

- inactivated by proper processing and prep

22
Q

2 major forms of lectins

A

1) prolamine : toxic lectins that serve as storage proteins e.g. gluten
2) agglutinin: induce the clumping of red blood cells e.g. ricin

23
Q

lectins are characterized by high content of —–

A

proline

24
Q

Gluten is partially digested into —— and —— by our ——-

A

gliadin, glutenin, proteases

25
Q

gliadin - function

A

it can cross the gut barrier and activate both the innate and adaptive immune system - it signals zonulin release from enterocytes that can loosen tight junctions and lets bigger molecules to go through

26
Q

agglutinin are —— and resistant to —– pH and —- enzymes

A

small - low - proteolytic

27
Q

agglutinin can increase ——— and stimuli he —– , ——

A

gut permeability , innate and adaptive immune system

28
Q

how do agglutinins cause increased gut permeability

A

they bind to 2 sugars found on cell membrane : N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid and build up in lysosomes.
It also binds to epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors and cuases tight junctions to open

29
Q

Agglutinins (WGA) and neurotoxicity

A
  • It can cross the blood brain barrier through a process called adsorptive endocytosis.
  • It then binds to N-acetylneuraminic on surfaces such as gangliosides (involved in cell-cell contact, ion conductance etc.)
  • It can also bind to myelin sheath and inhibit NGF
    Thus reducing the overall signal transmission
30
Q

Curare - scientific name

A

Chondodendron tomentosum

31
Q

Curare - parts sued

A

Bark / Woody stems

32
Q

Curare - bioactive compound

A

Tubocurarine

33
Q

Curare is used as an —— in modern medicine

A

anesthetic

34
Q

Curare - mechanism of action

A
  • tubocurarine blocks the nAchR at the neuromuscular junction (serves as a competitive antagonist - has a greater affinity)
35
Q

antidote fore curare poisoning

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor e.g. physostigmine

36
Q

Foxglove - scientific name

A

Digitalis purpurea

37
Q

Foxglove - parts used

A

leaves

38
Q

Foxglove - bioactive compound

A

Digoxin

39
Q

Digitalis - toxicity

A

causes nausea, vomiting, weakness, seizures, tremors, collapse, drooling, abnormal heart rate, and diarrhea

40
Q

Digitalis - mechanism of action

A
  • acts as a diuretic to reduce retention, a symptom of heart disease
  • by promoting a regular heartbeat, digitalis causes more blood to reach the kidneys, where excess fluids are removed rather than accumulated in the body
  • digoxin inhibits the sodium potassium ATP pump in the myocardium; with directly increases calcium concentration in the heart –> decreased HR and increased stroke volume (due to increased contractility)
41
Q

Wolf’s bane - scientific name

A

Aconitum spp.

42
Q

Wolf’s bane - parts used

A

all parts

43
Q

Wolf’s bane - bioactive compound

A

aconitine

44
Q

Aconitine - mechanism of action in the muscles

A
  • it interacts with the voltage gated sodium non channels
  • it increases the permeability of smooth muscle membrane to sodium ions, increasing calcium ion availability; therefore, muscular contraction
45
Q

Aconitine - mechanism of action in the neurons

A
  • it depolarizes both the pre and post synaptic membranes by opening sodium ion channels
  • leads to increased calcium ion concentration in the presynaptic axon terminal by opening voltage gated calcium ion channels
  • both excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters may be release and involved in the activity of aconitine on the postsynaptic cell, in addition to its direct action o the post-synaptic voltage gated sodium ion channels
46
Q

Cycloplegia

A

paralysis of the cilia muscle of the eye

NUTR 512 (7 decks)

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