Lecture 1: Evolution and Natural History of Medicinal Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesizing plants appeared during the —— period

A

Silurian

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2
Q

First branching plant was called —–

A

Cooksonia

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3
Q

—— appeared slightly earlier than —–

A

Terrestrial fungi

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4
Q

functions of fungi

A
  • they excrete digestive enzymes and absorb externally digested nutrients
  • they also contributed to soil formation and facilitated plant growth
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5
Q

—- was the very first fungi ever identified

A

Tortutubus

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6
Q

Structure of fungi

A

they have a fruiting body and a large network of underground hyphae (the majority of the organism is underground)

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7
Q

The Devonian period

A

Domination of phototaxis

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8
Q

How to ID a flavonoid

A

6-3-6

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9
Q

Gallic acid is made of:

Gallic acid is the subunit in:

A

1) Phenol

2) Tannic acid

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10
Q

Aquatic plants vs. Terrestrial plants in terms of defence

A

Aquatic plants are not as chemically hazardous as terrestrial plants to the herbivores.

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11
Q

what is the goal of the release of arsenal compounds by plants?

A

to deter eating, discourage the growth of other seedlings, and inhibit soil bacteria and fungi.

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12
Q

plant’ s strategy against water loss:

A

developed a layer of epidermal cells coated by a waxy cuticle layer

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13
Q

plant’s strategy against UV radiation

A

water served as a filter for direct sunlight

- Flavonoid pigments: reflect UV wavelengths

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14
Q

Function of Tannins:

A
  • They limit a plant’s palatability; accumulate in the bark of woody specifies.
  • Can bind to digestive enzymes and interfere with digestion.
  • Can also cause cancers in animals and people who are chronically exposed to tannins (continuous exposure).
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15
Q

Function of phytochemical

A

1) some have immediate deterrent effects
2) some regulate life cycles and development to affect future generations of herbivores
3) some interfere with brain activity and neural functions
4) due to their diverse, complex metabolic effects, they have been used as medicines since ancient times

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16
Q

Scientific name of Garlic

A

Allium sativum

17
Q

Garlic - part used

A

Bulb

18
Q

Garlic - bioactive compound

A

Alliin - degraded to Allicin

19
Q

Enzyme responsible to the conversion of alliin to allicin

A

alliinase

20
Q

Compounds of Allicin in an oily medium

A

Ajoenes and vinyldithiins

21
Q

Compounds of Allicin in an aqueous medium

A

Allyl sulphides, ajoenes, vinyldithiins

22
Q

Mechanism of Actions of Allicin

A

1) they function as H2S donors
- a colourless, flammable, and toxic eggs
- responsible for the smell
- a gaseous singling molecule (gastrotransmitter)
- induces smooth muscle relaxation, dilates blood vessels (explains garlic’s cardioprotective effect)
- can react with this groups and can inactivate essential enzymes (explains the antibacterial and anti-fungal activity)
2) they are antioxidants
- organosulfur compounds inhibit per oxidation of lipids and possess radical scavenging activities

23
Q

Purgative

A

Strongly laxative effect

24
Q

Emetic

A

Causing vomiting

25
Q

White Willow - scientific name

A

Salix alba

26
Q

White Willow - Part used

A

Bark

27
Q

White Willow - Bioactive compound

A

Salicin metabolized to salicylic acid

28
Q

Drug made of Salix alba

A

Aspirin

29
Q

Abortifacient

A

Causes abortion

30
Q

Contraceptive

A

Prevents pregnancy

31
Q

Tincture

A

Made by dissolving the plant in alcohol

32
Q

Emmenagogue

A

Stimulates or increases menstrual flow

33
Q

Queen Anne’s Lace - Scientific name

A

Daucus carota

34
Q

Queen Anne’s Lace - Part used

A

Seeds

35
Q

Queen Anne’s Lace - Bioactive compound

A

Carotol

36
Q

Infusion

A

A drink prepared by soaking the leaves of a plant in water

37
Q

Decoction

A

Extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemical of the material