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Biology test 1 > Lecture 7A > Flashcards

Lecture 7A Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to cause change

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2
Q

what are the two kinds of energy?

A

1) potential energy: energy stored
2) Kinetic energy: energy in motion ( heat and thermal energy )

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3
Q

True or false

energy is constantly converted from one form to another

A

true

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4
Q

what type of energy is chemical energy?

A

potential energy also known as bond energy

chemical energy is released when a chemical reaction rearranges the atoms of molecules

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5
Q

what are the laws of thermodynamics?

A

first law: principle of conservation of energy (energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed)
second law: entropy is increasing ( every energy transformation increases entropy )

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6
Q

what is light energy and what is it converted to by plants?

A

light energy= used to create chemical energy
- chloroplasts convert light ( kinetic ) to chemical energy by creating bonds in sugar molecules (potential)

the mitochondria uses the chemical energy ( potential) in glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to synthesize ATP (potential)

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7
Q

true or false

there is always some energy the escapes the system as heat

A

true

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8
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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9
Q

how much percentage is energy taken in and used by each trophic level to create biomass?

A

10%

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10
Q

what is free energy?

A

the quantification of the potential energy of a reaction.

G= H - TS

enthalpy (H) = total amount of energy in the system
entropy (S)
Temperature (T)
the greater the free energy= greater potential

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11
Q

more free energy leads to what?

A

less stable, greater work capacity

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12
Q

less free energy leads to what?

A

more stable, less work capacity

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13
Q

what are the properties of a spontaneous reaction?

A
  • negative delta G
  • free energy decreases during spontaneous reactions
  • spontaneous reactions can be harnessed to perform work
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14
Q

what are the two types of chemical reactions in cells that are based on free energy changes?

A

energonic & exergonic

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15
Q

what are endergonic reactions?

A

the gain for free energy, reactants contain less energy than the products

requires enzymes and an input of energy to occur

delta G is positive

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16
Q

what are exergonic reactions

A

the loss of free energy, reactants have higher potential energy than products

require enzymes even if it doesn’t need an input of energy

delta G is negative = spontaneous

17
Q

what is metabolism?

A
  • the totality of an organisms chemical reactions
  • an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules
18
Q

what are the two main types of metabolic pathways?

A

1) catabolic pathways = release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple compounds, exergonic, cellular respiration
2) anabolic pathways = consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones, endergonic, synthesis of protein from amino acids

19
Q

how is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway?

A

because it breaks the covalent bonds of glucose and other metabolites

20
Q

how is the translation step of protein synthesis considered an anabolic pathway?

A

during the translation step of protein synthesis, amino acids are covalently bonded together through dehydration sythesis reactions which requires an energy investment from the cell.

21
Q

what is energy coupling?

A

using the energy prduced during a catabolic/exergonic process to drive an anabolic/endergonic process

22
Q

what is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide
- ATP is the molecule that mediates the energy transfer between catabolic and anabolic pathways

ATP is shuttled around the cell to provide energy for endergonic reactions

23
Q

where in an ATP molecule is energy stored?

A

energy is stored in the phosphate group

three phosphate groups is a key identifier for an ATP molecule

24
Q

What is an ATP nucleotide made up of?

A
  • Nitrogenous base ( adenine )
  • pentose sugar ( ribose )
  • phosphate groups:
  • > adeline + ribose + 1 phosphate group = AMP
  • > adeline + ribose + 2 phosphate groups = ADP
  • > adeline + ribose + 3 phosphate groups = ATP
25
Q

why does ATP have high energy bonds?

A

because the three phosphate groups are negatively charged therefore they repel eachother, increasing instability which increases the energy

26
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

the process by which ATP donates energy through the transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule

phosphorylation causes the molecule to be more reactive (less stable) than the original unphosphorylated molecule

27
Q

going from ATP to ADP is what type of reaction?

A

exergonic reaction

28
Q

Glucose + fructose -> Sucrose is what type of reaction?

A

endergonic reaction

29
Q

is this reaction spontaneous?

A

no this reaction is not spontaneous

30
Q

is this a coupled reaction?

A

yes

31
Q

What are three things that ATP drives?

A

1) cellular transport (transporting molecules across membranes via transport proteins)
2) Cellular mechanical work ( work involving motor proteins )
3) Chemical work (involving chemical reactions

32
Q

what is the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP-> ADP + Pi + cellular work

this reaction is reversible

33
Q

what is the healthy amount of ATP in the body?

A

1g

10 million molecules of ATP consumed and regenerated per second per cell

34
Q

what are the two types of electron transfer?

A

1) oxidation = loss of electrons by a molecule
2) reduction = gain of electrons by a molecule

reduction reaction = redox reaction
**gives up an electron = releases energy
gains the electron = recieves energy **

35
Q

what are four acceptor molecules in redox reactions?

A

1) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+): when NAD becomes reduced, it temporarily stores a large amount of free energy. Used in the synthesis of ATP
2) NIcotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+): used more directly to provide energy for certain reactions, like photosynthetic reactions
3) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD): reduced form FADH2, similar in role function to NAD+ but donates relatively less energy per molecule than NAD+
4) Cytochromes: contains iron, the iron component accepts electrons from hydrogen atoms, which helps makes ATP

Biology test 1 (8 decks)

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