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Biology test 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

review

What is a macromolecule?

A

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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2
Q

review

what is a polymer?

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
- building blocks are called monomers

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3
Q

review

out of the 4 classes of life’s organic molecules ( macromolecules) which 3 contain polymers?

A

nucleic acid
proteins
carbohydrates

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4
Q

what is the main functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • short term and intermediate energy storage ( starch from plants and glycogen from animals)
  • structural components in cells ( cellulose in the cell wall of plants, protists + chitin in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods )
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5
Q

what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1 ratio

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6
Q

what is the organic compound of carbohydrates?

A

aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups

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7
Q

what do carbohydrates consist of?

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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8
Q

name three monosaccharides and what are their functions?

A

1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose
Functions: polymer synthesis, component of table sugar and milk sugar

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9
Q

what is used in RNA nucleotides?

A

ribose - component of RNA

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10
Q

What used in DNA nucleotides?

A

Deoxyribose - component of DNA

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11
Q

name three disaccharides and their funtions

A

1) maltose ( glu + glu)
2) lactose ( glu + gal )
3) sucrose ( glu + fru )
Funtions: in plants, table sugar, milk sugar and brewing sugar

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12
Q

name five polysaccharides and name their functions

A

1) starch
2) glycogen
3) cellulose
4) chitin
5) peptidoglycan
Function: storage in plants, storage in animals, structure in plants + animals + fungi + bacteria

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13
Q

what are the two types of sugar?

A

aldoses and Ketoses

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14
Q

what is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?

A

the location of the carbonyl group

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15
Q

what is the carbohydrate of aldoses?

A

glucose

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16
Q

what is the carbohydrate of ketoses?

A

fructose

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17
Q

what is the ratio of monosaccharides?

A

1:2:1 ( carbon, hydrogen, oxygen )

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18
Q

what are the three most common sugars?

A

1) trioses ( 3 carbons, smallest sugars)
2) pentoses ( 5 carbons, in DNA )
3) Hexoses ( 6 carbons, common sugars)

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19
Q

what is the monosaccharide that is most common in sugars?

A

hexoses

glucose, galactose, fructose

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20
Q

name each monosaccharide

A

1) glucose
2) galactose
3) fructose

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21
Q

which one is aldose and which is ketose?

A

right= ketose
left= aldose

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22
Q

what is the most common monosacharride?

A

glucose
- forms a ring structures in solutions

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23
Q

what is the ring that is formed in glucose called?

A

pyranose ring

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24
Q

what are the two structures of glucose?

A

alpha-glucose (OH on the opposite side)
beta-glucose (OH on the same side)

differ in orientation of the OH group at C1

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25
Q

where do you find glucose in biology?

A
  • end products of photosynthesis
  • energy source in organisms
  • cellular respiration
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26
Q

how is the glucose in our blood regulated?

A

by insulin and glucagon hormones produced by the pancreas

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27
Q

which hormone is produced by the pancreas to prevent sugar levels rising?

A

insulin

stimulates glycogen formation by binding onto receptors on fats

28
Q

which hormone is produced by the pancreas to prevent sugar levels from decreasing?

A

glucagon

stimulates glycogen breakdown

29
Q

where do the hormones insulin and glucagon go after produced by the pancreas?

A

liver

30
Q

how does insulin decrease blood glucose?

A
  • stimulating uptake of glucose in muscle
  • prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
  • stimulates adipose cells to store glucose as fats

adipose cells store energy

31
Q

how does glucagon increase blood glucose?

A
  • stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver
  • breaksdown proteins into amino acids in *muscle cells *
  • breaksdown fats on adipose tissues and releases fatty acids
32
Q

what is the best known endocrine disorder?

A

diabetes mellitus

33
Q

what causes diabetes mellitus?

A

caused by the deficiency of insulin (type 1), or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues (type 2)

34
Q

where is glucose most commonly found?

A

disaccharides or starch

35
Q

what type of monosaccharide is most commonly found in food?

A

fructose

primary sugar in fruits, vegetables, honey

36
Q

how is a disaccharide formed?

A

when a dehydration reactions joins two monosaccharides

37
Q

what is the covalent bond of disaccharides forming?

A

glycosidic linkage

38
Q

what mediates the digestion of disaccharides and other carbohydrates?

A

mediated by enzymes synthesized by cells lining the small intestine

39
Q

what is lactose intolerance

*lactose is a disaccharide

A

result of a drop in lactase production often following childhood

40
Q

describe the process of lactose intolerance

A

lactose is usually absorbed in the small intestine, any undigested disaccharide is passed through the large intestine. Lactose intolerance creates an osmotic pull drawing water from surrounding tissue into the intestine causing diarrhea. Bacteria starts to digest the disaccharides which creates gas, bloating and cramps.

41
Q

what are oligosaccharides?

A

small sugar polymers that consist of 2-6 monosaccharide units.

42
Q

where are oligosaccharides most found?

A

most found attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids ( glycoconjugates )

found in beans and legumes, the human body can not break it down.

glyco=carbohydrate

43
Q

Name roles of carbohydrates

A
  • involved in cell-to-cell adherence, identification and protection,
44
Q

what is the major component of mucus?

A

glycoproteins secreated by goblet cells that protect the respiratory and digestive tracts.

45
Q

what links together polysaccharides?

A

dehydration synthesis

46
Q

how do polysaccharides vary in their properties?

A
  • different isomers
  • units are arranged differently
47
Q

what are the main three polysaccharides that make up of glucose?

A

1) glycogen
2) cellulose
3) amidon(starch)

48
Q

name each polysaccharide

A

1) glycogen
2) cellulose
3) amidon

49
Q

what are the two types of polysaccharides?

(their functions)

A

1) energy storage ( starch, glycogen )
2) structural polysaccharides ( cellulose , chitin)

50
Q

which type of linkage cannot be digested by eukaryotes?

A

beta-linkages

alpha-linkages can be metabolized and used as an energy source by higher organisms

51
Q

between starch and glycogen, which has higher branching?

A

glycogen

branching helps in its solubility

52
Q

what is the primary storage polysaccharide of animals?

A

glycogen

ideal for powering short-term metabolism

53
Q

what is the main storage molecule for plants?

A

starch

found in high concentrations in tubers ( enlarged root or stem for storage ) and seeds

54
Q

what is the enzyme amylase?

A

an enzyme used to breakdown starch into maltose

contained in saliva

pancreas also secretes an enzyme called pancreatic amylase

55
Q

what type of glucose linkage is cellulose made of?

A

unbranched chain of beta-glucose

b-glucose allows hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecules

promoting cellulose fibers

56
Q

name this bond

A

b-1-4 linkage ( covalent )

57
Q

name this bond

A

hydrogen bond

hydrogen bond should be sitting between the two oxygen atoms

58
Q

what is dietary fiber ?

A

carbs that humans need for digestion

a group that cellulose is part of

59
Q

what type of polysaccharide is chitin?

A

an unbranched polysaccharide

protection of exoskeleton, found in cell walls of yeast and fungi, used to make surgical thread that decomposes as the incision heals

60
Q

what is peptidoglycan?

A

bacteria found in cell walls

identifies gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

61
Q

what is penicillin?

A

interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis by inactivating transpeptidases + kills gram positive bacteria

62
Q

Name this monosaccharide

A

Glucose

63
Q

Name this monosaccharide

A

fructose

64
Q

Name this monosaccharide

A

galactose

65
Q
A

maltose, lactose, sucrose

Biology test 1 (8 decks)

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