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lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the process involved in releasing O2 in the atomosphere?

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

describe the dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

A

dehydration= removing water in order to form a bond
Hydrolysis= adding water in order to break a bond

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3
Q

describe a water molecule

A

-each water molecule has a 2 slightly positive ends and 1 slightly negative end
- polar molecule
- can only bond with four other water molecules
- a high number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules allows for the cohesion of water, making it liquid.

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4
Q

what are the four important properties of water

A

1) solvent
2) cohesion, adhesion, tension
3) moderation of temperature
4) density

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5
Q

solvent

What is solvation and what is hydration?

A

solvation= solid dissolving into a solution
hydration= solvation for which the solvent is water

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6
Q

solvent

why can water dissolve polar and ionic substances but not those that are nonpolar?

A

nonpolar substances (i.e fatty acids) dont have any charges therefore no dipoles are created, thus no reactions/charges to play with

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7
Q

solvent

describe the process of hydration?

A

when anions and cations are separated from eachother and the solid dissolves ( i.e. NaCl)
- the orientation of Na is different from that of Cl
- Na attracts negative charges = oxygen

(- )charge attracts cations (+ charge)

+ charge attracts anions(- charge)

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8
Q

solvent

why is sugar polar?

A

when placed in water, it forms hydrogen bonds with the molecules on the outer surface, while water is repeatedly removing monosaccharides from the solid. Eventually a homogenous aqueous solution is formed by monosaccharides randomly distributing itself throughout the volume of water.

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9
Q

water is a univeral solvent

how can proteins dissolve in water?

A

proteins can only dissolve in water if they have ionic and or polar regions on their surface

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10
Q

solvent

what is the degree of polarity of a protein dependent on?

A

dependent on the types of amino acids that make it up.

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11
Q

adhesion

what is adhesion?

A

adhesion is the clinging of one substance to another, particulalrly if they have charged groups of atoms on their surface.
- adhesion is responsible for creating the meniscus on a graduated cylinder.

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12
Q

cohesion

what is cohesion?

A

cohesion is the process by which molecules of the same substance stay together (stick together)
ex: plants use cohesion to obtain water to the top of the plant from the roots, againt the force of gravity.

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13
Q

cohesion and adhesion

what process does cohesion and adhesion participate in?

A

they are the basis of capillary action, where water is moving in narrow tubes against gravity.

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14
Q

tension of water

what is surface tension?

A

surface tension is the measure of difficulty based on breaking or stretching a surface of a liquid ( due to cohesion )

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15
Q

why does water have a strong surface tension?

A

water has a strong surface tension because of the strong attraction between the hydrogen bonds (stronger than those between water molecules and air molecules)

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16
Q

moderation of temperature

what are the three physical states in natural environments and what states their differences?

A
  • solid
  • liquid
  • gas
    ->degree of hydrogen bonding
17
Q

what happens when heat energy is added to water?

A

the heat added breaks the hydrogen bonds reducing the degree of cohesion between the molecules
- the heat first attacks the hydrogen bonds which then causes the water molecuels to move faster

18
Q

what is the difference between heat and temperature?

A

heat= the total amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a body of matter.
temperature= the average speed of molecules

19
Q

what is specific heat

A

specific heat is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change in temperature by 1 degree.
- water has a high specifc heat = meaning that is can absorb a high amount of heat before its temperature increases, causing water to have a better ability to resist temperature changes.
- waters ability to aborb and release heat with little temperature changed allows for stability.

20
Q

when is heat released to the environment by water?

A

heat is release when the hydrogen bonds are formed which slows down the cooling process of water. ( slow process )

21
Q

Difference between perspire and transpire?

A

perspire= ability to cool the surface of the skin
transpire= water transpires from leaf surfaces, cooling them down

22
Q

T or F
ice contains more stable hydrogen bonds than those found in water?

A

true
- each water molecule in ice is bounded to four of its neighbors forming a 3d crystal in which the molecules are spaciously arranged. (takes up more volume but less dense= can float on a body of water )
- hydrogen bonds in liquid water are transient, therefore they are constanly breaking and reforming. (takes up less volume but more dense)

23
Q

what is ionization?

A

the process of water molecules breaking apart and dissciating.
- water molecules ionize into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

24
Q

what are acids?

A

acids increase the H+ concentration of a solution, donates the H+ to solutions
- purple color on pH

25
Q

what are bases?

A

bases reduce the concentration of H+ by accpeting H+ ions. (increasing the concentration of OH- will make the solution more basic)
- blue color on pH

26
Q

what happens if the pH of a human changes?

A

the pH of human blood is averaged at 7.4. If this pH changes, a human can experience the denaturing of proteins which affects their funtions.

27
Q

Buffers

what does a substance do to resist a change in pH?

A

1) accept H+ when H+ is in excess (making it more basic )
2) donating H+ when H+ is depleted ( making it more acidic)

28
Q

what do buffers do?

A

buffers in the human body are used to maintain the homeostasis of blood pH.
i.g. carbonic acid(H2CO3)/bicarbonate + certain proteins = act as buffers

29
Q

buffers

name possible consequences of a change in human blood pH

A

pH below normal range:
- respiratory disease (not able to rid their bodies of carbon dioxide fast enough)
- increase of CO2 in the blood creating an increase of H+, acidosis

pH above normal range:
- hyperventilation (expelling too much carbon dioxide )
- decrease of CO2 in the blood creating an decrease of H+ concentration, alkalosis

30
Q

ocean acidification

what organisms are impacted with ocean acidification?

A

organisms that require carbonate to make shells and skeletons such as corals, calcareous phytoplankton and sea urchins.

Biology test 1 (8 decks)

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