Lecture 3 Flashcards by Aislinn Costa

what does carbon live in?

DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids…
- 4 covalent bonds (makes it so special)
- the study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what shape does carbon form when it makes four bonds?

tetrahedral shape

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when two carbon atoms are joined together by a double bond, what shape does it make?

a flat shape

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what happens when you change the shape of a molecule?

shape and function work hand in hand, therefore if one is altered, so is the other.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are organic compounds?

-organic compounds are compunds with a carbon hydrogen backbone and/or originate from biological sources
-formed by living organisms
carbons of organic compounds are referred to as the carbon skeleton.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does an unsaturated fatty acid have that a saturated fatty acid doesnt?

a double bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do organic properties depend on?

1) the carbon skeleton
2) the elements that are attached to the carbon skeleton (functional groups)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are hydrocarbons?

organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen that release a large amount of energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are hydrophobic interactions?

interactions where surface of a molecule will expel water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are types of hydrocarbons?

long or short chained
single chained
branched
rings

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are isomers?

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why are atom groups named functional groups?

they are named functional groups because they provide the molecule with a particular funtion that is typical of that group ( different job)
- most functional groups form ionic and hydrogen bonds with other molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are hydrophilic interactions?

hydrophilic interactions are interactions that like/attract water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the seven functional groups?

1) hydroxyl group
2) carbonyl group
3) carboxyl group
4) amino group
5) sulfhydryl group
6) phosphate group
7) methyl group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hydroxyl group

what is the identifying factor of the hydroxyl group?

R group bonded to an OH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

carbonyl group

what are aldoses and ketoses

-monosaccharides containing aldehyde groups= aldoses (glucose)
-monosaccharides containing ketone groups = ketoses (fructose)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

identifier of carbonyl group?

ketone= carbon double bonded to O and two R groups
aldehyde= carbon double bonded to O, one R group and one H group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

carboxyl group

identifier of a carboxyl group?

Carbon double bonded to an O, single bonded to an OH and a R group
-** part of amino acids**
- -COOH
- weakly acidic
- has the ability to donate its hydrogen
- makes anything attached to a carboxyl group slightly acidic
- formic acid contains a carboxyl group
- acetic acid contains a carboxyl group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

amino group

Identifier for an amino group?

NH2 bonded to an R group
- accepts a proton
- provide polarity due to the polar covalent bond between N and H
- weakly basic
- **contains a carboxyl group **
- nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA contain amino groups

amino group

what makes an amino acid a natural pH buffer?

the fact that an amino group can donate a proton to the solution (acidic) and/or accept a proton (basic)

Sulfhydryl group

identifier of a sulfhydryl group?

R group bonded to an SH
- help stablize the internal structures of proteins
- found in cysteine amino acids

sulfhydrl group

what is a disulfide bridge and what does it do?

when the sulfhydrl group forms a strong bond with another sulfyhdrul group. This forms a cross-link that can stablize protein structures.

phosphate group

Identifier of a phosphate group?

OPO3-2
- donated H+ making the molecule weakly acidic
- constitutents of phospholipids
- hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

phosphate group

what does the ionized form of a phosphate group do?

Contributes a negative charge to the parent molecule ( ex: DNA)

# phosphate group what is a nucleotide composed of?

nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

# phosphate group describe the process of ATP with phosphate groups

3 phosphate groups bonded to Adenosine (adenoside triphosphate) reactions with water which breaks one phosphate group from the chain creating energy. - each phosphate group bonded ( 3) are all negatively charged so they repel eachother creating a high degree of instability, making them high energy bonds.

# methyl group identifier of a methyl group?

CH3 bonded to an R group. - added to certain molecules to act as an identity tag or a signal (specifically for DNA) which will be read by various enzymes.

what is the role of amino acids?

They are the building blocks of peptides and/or proteins

what are the three important kinds of isomers in biology?

1) structural isomers 2) geometric isomers (different orientation in space) 3) optical isomers ( look identical at first glance however they are just mirror images of eachother)

what are structural isomers?

Isomers that have different arrangements in space

what are geometric isomers?

Isomers that have the same covalent arrangement but differ in spatial arrangements | arrangement around the double bond ## Footnote double bonds are rigid and dont allow for good/free rotation

what is Rhodopsin?

a protein in the human eye that rotates around a double bond when hit by light at the back of the retina, transforming from a cis isomers to a trans. | trans is the activated form

what are enantiomers?

Isomers that are mirror images of eachother consisting of a carbon attached to four functional groups.

# enantiomers and drugs what does it mean when you have an enantiomer of a drug?

this means that this drug has two structures. However this means that the R structure is a different drug compared to an S structure. example: **L-Dopa versus D-Dopa ** - L-Dopa is effective against Parkinson's disease while D-Dopa is biologically inactive

what are macromolecules?

Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms | the architecture = role

what are polymers?

small organic molecules joining together forming larger molecules

Describe the difference between Synthesis and breakdown.

synthesis: - monomers forming larger molecules by **dehydration** (removing water = condensation ) - requires energy and a catalyst Breakdown: - polymers are broken down and separated into monomers by **hydrolysis** (adding water ) - uses a catalyst

what are the four types of macromolecules?

1) carbohydrates ( monosaccharides + polysaccharides ) 2) Lipids ( do not form polymers ) 3) proteins ( amino acid - monomer + polypeptide= polymer) 4) nucleic acids ( nucleotides= monomer + DNA/RNA = polymer)

Name this functional group