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Biology test 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does carbon live in?

A

DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids…
- 4 covalent bonds (makes it so special)
- the study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry

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2
Q

what shape does carbon form when it makes four bonds?

A

tetrahedral shape

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3
Q

when two carbon atoms are joined together by a double bond, what shape does it make?

A

a flat shape

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4
Q

what happens when you change the shape of a molecule?

A

shape and function work hand in hand, therefore if one is altered, so is the other.

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5
Q

what are organic compounds?

A

-organic compounds are compunds with a carbon hydrogen backbone and/or originate from biological sources
-formed by living organisms
carbons of organic compounds are referred to as the carbon skeleton.

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6
Q

what does an unsaturated fatty acid have that a saturated fatty acid doesnt?

A

a double bond

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7
Q

what do organic properties depend on?

A

1) the carbon skeleton
2) the elements that are attached to the carbon skeleton (functional groups)

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8
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen that release a large amount of energy

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9
Q

what are hydrophobic interactions?

A

interactions where surface of a molecule will expel water

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10
Q

what are types of hydrocarbons?

A
  • long or short chained
  • single chained
  • branched
  • rings
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11
Q

what are isomers?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

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12
Q

why are atom groups named functional groups?

A

they are named functional groups because they provide the molecule with a particular funtion that is typical of that group ( different job)
- most functional groups form ionic and hydrogen bonds with other molecules

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13
Q

what are hydrophilic interactions?

A

hydrophilic interactions are interactions that like/attract water

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14
Q

what are the seven functional groups?

A

1) hydroxyl group
2) carbonyl group
3) carboxyl group
4) amino group
5) sulfhydryl group
6) phosphate group
7) methyl group

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15
Q

Hydroxyl group

what is the identifying factor of the hydroxyl group?

A

R group bonded to an OH

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16
Q

carbonyl group

what are aldoses and ketoses

A

-monosaccharides containing aldehyde groups= aldoses (glucose)
-monosaccharides containing ketone groups = ketoses (fructose)

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17
Q

identifier of carbonyl group?

A

ketone= carbon double bonded to O and two R groups
aldehyde= carbon double bonded to O, one R group and one H group

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18
Q

carboxyl group

identifier of a carboxyl group?

A

Carbon double bonded to an O, single bonded to an OH and a R group
-** part of amino acids**
- -COOH
- weakly acidic
- has the ability to donate its hydrogen
- makes anything attached to a carboxyl group slightly acidic
- formic acid contains a carboxyl group
- acetic acid contains a carboxyl group

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19
Q

amino group

Identifier for an amino group?

A

NH2 bonded to an R group
- accepts a proton
- provide polarity due to the polar covalent bond between N and H
- weakly basic
- **contains a carboxyl group **
- nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA contain amino groups

20
Q

amino group

what makes an amino acid a natural pH buffer?

A

the fact that an amino group can donate a proton to the solution (acidic) and/or accept a proton (basic)

21
Q

Sulfhydryl group

identifier of a sulfhydryl group?

A

R group bonded to an SH
- help stablize the internal structures of proteins
- found in cysteine amino acids

22
Q

sulfhydrl group

what is a disulfide bridge and what does it do?

A

when the sulfhydrl group forms a strong bond with another sulfyhdrul group. This forms a cross-link that can stablize protein structures.

23
Q

phosphate group

Identifier of a phosphate group?

A

OPO3-2
- donated H+ making the molecule weakly acidic
- constitutents of phospholipids
- hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

24
Q

phosphate group

what does the ionized form of a phosphate group do?

A

Contributes a negative charge to the parent molecule ( ex: DNA)

25
Q

phosphate group

what is a nucleotide composed of?

A

nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

26
Q

phosphate group

describe the process of ATP with phosphate groups

A

3 phosphate groups bonded to Adenosine (adenoside triphosphate) reactions with water which breaks one phosphate group from the chain creating energy.
- each phosphate group bonded ( 3) are all negatively charged so they repel eachother creating a high degree of instability, making them high energy bonds.

27
Q

methyl group

identifier of a methyl group?

A

CH3 bonded to an R group.
- added to certain molecules to act as an identity tag or a signal (specifically for DNA) which will be read by various enzymes.

28
Q

what is the role of amino acids?

A

They are the building blocks of peptides and/or proteins

29
Q

what are the three important kinds of isomers in biology?

A

1) structural isomers
2) geometric isomers (different orientation in space)
3) optical isomers ( look identical at first glance however they are just mirror images of eachother)

30
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

Isomers that have different arrangements in space

31
Q

what are geometric isomers?

A

Isomers that have the same covalent arrangement but differ in spatial arrangements

arrangement around the double bond

double bonds are rigid and dont allow for good/free rotation

32
Q

what is Rhodopsin?

A

a protein in the human eye that rotates around a double bond when hit by light at the back of the retina, transforming from a cis isomers to a trans.

trans is the activated form

33
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

Isomers that are mirror images of eachother consisting of a carbon attached to four functional groups.

34
Q

enantiomers and drugs

what does it mean when you have an enantiomer of a drug?

A

this means that this drug has two structures. However this means that the R structure is a different drug compared to an S structure.
example: **L-Dopa versus D-Dopa **
- L-Dopa is effective against Parkinson’s disease while D-Dopa is biologically inactive

35
Q

what are macromolecules?

A

Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

the architecture = role

36
Q

what are polymers?

A

small organic molecules joining together forming larger molecules

37
Q

Describe the difference between Synthesis and breakdown.

A

synthesis:
- monomers forming larger molecules by dehydration (removing water = condensation )
- requires energy and a catalyst

Breakdown:
- polymers are broken down and separated into monomers by hydrolysis (adding water )
- uses a catalyst

38
Q

what are the four types of macromolecules?

A

1) carbohydrates ( monosaccharides + polysaccharides )
2) Lipids ( do not form polymers )
3) proteins ( amino acid - monomer + polypeptide= polymer)
4) nucleic acids ( nucleotides= monomer + DNA/RNA = polymer)

39
Q

Name this functional group

A

Methyl group

40
Q

Name this functional group

A

Phosphate group

41
Q

Name this functional group

A

Sulfhydryl group

42
Q

Name this functional group

A

Amino group

43
Q

Name this funcitonal group

A

carboxyl group

44
Q

Name this functional group

A

Carbonyl Group
right = aldehyde
left = ketone

45
Q

Name this functional group

A

hydroxyl group

46
Q

are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic (repel water)

they are nonpolar and a good source of stored energy

Biology test 1 (8 decks)

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