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Pharmacology > Lecture 7: use of drugs in food producing animals > Flashcards

Lecture 7: use of drugs in food producing animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three uses for drugs in food animals

A
  1. Prophylactic (individual) or metaphylaactic (herd) prevention or morbidity/mortality
  2. Treat illness
  3. Increase production
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2
Q

What drug is commonly used to increase production and food animals and why dont we want to do this

A

Antibiotics increase production so don’t do this because antibiotic resistance

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3
Q

When a drug is administered to any animal, we indirectly administer that drug and its metabolites to our ___ and ____

A

Clients and local environment

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4
Q

What are the two negative effects of drug use on the food chain

A
  1. Risk of exposing population at large to drug and its metabolites (health risk)
  2. Risk of administering that drug and its metabolites to the environment/downstream commercial processes (economic risk)
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5
Q

What is chloramphenicol

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic that crosses the blood brain barrier and placenta

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6
Q

When do you want to use chloramphenical in food producing animals

A

NEVER!

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7
Q

Why can you never give chloramphenicol to food producing animals

A

Causes non-regenerative fatal aplastic anemia in 1:35,000 humans

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8
Q

What is enrofloxacin

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class

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9
Q

What cows can you not use enrofloxacin in and why

A

May not be used in LACTATING dairy cows- antibiotic kills bacteria used in dairy product manufacturing

Dry dairy cows are included

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10
Q

What is a food animal

A

Any animal from which a tissue or other product has the POTENTIAL to enter the human food chain

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11
Q

Are pet pigs that the family does not intend for food classify as a food animal

A

Yes! Although families intent is not to eat the animal it still has POTENTIAL to enter food chain

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12
Q

What are the major food animals

A

Cattle, swine, chickens, and turkeys

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13
Q

What is FARAD

A

Food animal residue avoidance database

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14
Q

In order for a food animal that was prescribed a drug that was used extra label what must the veterinarian know

A

The withdrawal time, therefore can determine when the animal can enter the food chain

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15
Q

What does federal government use to tract drug use

A

A/NADA- approved/new animal drug application

Each drug is given a specific number

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16
Q

Can enrofloxacin be used extra label in food producing animals

A

No!

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17
Q

What is tolerance

A

Concentration of a drug/metabolite measured in the target tissue below which any or all food products of that animal are considered to have total drug and levels that are safe for consumption

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18
Q

What is a maker residue

A

Metabolite of the parent drug

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19
Q

What is considered target tissue when measuring tolerance

A

Edible tissue, usually the liver or kidney (involved in metabolism and excretion)

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20
Q

In order for a food animal to be considered safe for consumption does the concentration of the drug need to be above or below tolerance

A

Below!

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21
Q

T or F: Milk and eggs serve as their own makers therefore veterinarians can examine a dozen eggs/amount of milk and have those tolerance levels be representative of while lot

A

True

22
Q

What determines safe for consumption

A

Animal studies that evaluate carcinogenic potential, systemic reproductive and developmental toxicities, potential to cause antibiotic resistance,

Determining an acceptable daily intake of drug/metabolite in a human diet, assuming high amounts of consumption

23
Q

What is food animal residue

A

A drug or regulated metabolite identified in a defined target tissue that is at or above the tolerance

24
Q

If food residue is detected what happens next

A

Deemed unsafe for consumption, animal is condemned and does not enter food chain

25
Q

What department does FDA fall under

A

Department of health and human services

26
Q

What organizations are responsible for regulating drugs, feeds, and medical devices for tolerance

A

FDA, Center for Veterinary medicine, and EPA

27
Q

What agency does the Center for Veterinary medicine fall under

A

FDA

28
Q

What acts empower the FDA to enforce tolerance

A

FD & C and AMDUCA

29
Q

What department does FSIS fall under

A

USDA

30
Q

What does the national residue program fall under

A

USDA-FSIS

31
Q

What agencies are responsible for the testing/reinforcement of tolerance levels

A

USDA-FSIS and national residue program

32
Q

What acts empower the USDA-FSIS and national residue program to test and enforce laws of tolerance

A
  1. Federal meat inspection act
  2. Federal poultry inspection act
  3. Federal insecticide, fungicide and pesticide Act
33
Q

What is the tolerance for enrofloxacin in cattle

A

100ppb

34
Q

What is the acceptable daily intake of enrofloxacin in humans

A

3ug/kg bwt/day

35
Q

What is the target tissue for enrofloxacin in cattle

A

Liver

36
Q

What is the marker residue for enrofloxacin in cattle

A

Desethylene cirpofloxacin

37
Q

Why is desethylene ciprofloxacin the marker residue in cattle for enrofloxacin meanwhile in swine the marker in enrofloxacin

A

Enrofloxacin disappears from cattle muscle, tissue and fat very quickly, but desethylene cirpofloxacin remained which is the active ingredient in enrofloxacin

38
Q

What is the tolerance of enrofloxacin in swine

A

500ppb

39
Q

What is the target tissue for enrofloxacin in cattle

A

Liver

40
Q

What is the marker residue for enrofloxacin in swine

A

Enrofloxacin

41
Q

Wha is withdrawal time

A

Time required for a drug or metabolite to be below tolerance level in the 99th percentile of the population with 95% confidence

42
Q

For every drug used in food animals what are the 5 things the CVM (under FDA) regulates

A
  1. Species
  2. Indication for use
  3. Dose
  4. Route of entry
  5. Interval of administration
43
Q

What does the following for every drug tell us about the withdrawal time: species, indication for use, dose, route of entry, interval administration

A

Tells us about that pharmacokinetics so we can predict withdrawal time because we should know the 1/2 life of a drug that has an indicated use in a particular species at a certain dose

44
Q

What is the withdrawal period for enrofloxacin

A

28 days

45
Q

The withdrawal period for enrofloxacin is 28 days, what does these mean for slaughter timeline

A

Animals who received treatment can’t be slaughtered until after 28 days, if you want to ensure more cattle enter food chain and don’t get condemned, wait longer than 28 days

46
Q

What are the two drug categories are of greatest concern because they are most commonly in violation and represent the greatest risk of exposure

A
  1. Pesticides, fungicides, and insecticides
  2. Antibiotics
47
Q

Why do pesticides, fungicides and insecticides pose the greatest risk for entering food animal and food chain

A

Spread liberally and hard to control which animals get exposed

48
Q

What is GRAS

A

Additives that can be given to animals without regulated are on the GRAS list- Generally regarded as safe

49
Q

GRAS includes what items that are fed to animals

A
  1. Mineral additives to feeds
  2. Adjuvants added to pesticides
50
Q

What drugs are prohibited for use in food-producing animals (NEVER!!)

A
  1. DES-diethylistibesterol
  2. Chloramphenicol
  3. Nitriomidazoles (metronidazole)
  4. Nitrofurans
  5. Clenbuterol
  6. Dipyrone
  7. Glycopeptides
  8. Gentian violet
  9. Phenylbutazone in adult dairy cattle
  10. Antiviral compounds in poultry (adamant and and neuroaminidase inhibitors)
51
Q

What drugs are prohibited from EXTRA-LABEL use in food producing animals

A
  1. Sulfonamides in adult dairy cattle
  2. Fluoroquinolones
  3. Medicated feeds
  4. Indexed drugs
  5. Cephalosporins
52
Q

What is the veterinary feed directive final rule

A
  1. Intends to limit antibiotic use for therapeutic instead of production purposes
  2. recommends drug manufacturers voluntarily stop labeling drugs as promoting animal drug
  3. ELDU of antibiotics or other drugs in feed requires a VCPR before a veterinarian directs compounding

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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