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Pharmacology > Lecture 1: Introduction and Prescriptions > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction and Prescriptions Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology

A

Study of agents used to treat, diagnose and prevent disease

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2
Q

What are the two major subdivisions or pharmacology

A

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

What is pharmacodynamics

A

Biochemical and physiological mechanism- what the drug does to the body

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4
Q

What is pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, what the body does to the drug

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5
Q

Are over the counter drugs labeled or off labeled use

A

Labeled use

if off labeled use should prescribe the OTC drug

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6
Q

What are the 4 classes or prescription drugs

A
  1. Labeled use
  2. Extra-label use
  3. Compounded
    4, controlled
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7
Q

What are the 3 groups of drugs

A
  1. Over the counter
  2. Prescription/legend drugs
  3. Vaccines and biologics
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8
Q

What are the 2 central philosophies for drug regulation use for animals regarding OTC drugs

A
  1. To protect the public from inadvertent consumption of harmful amounts of drugs given to livestock
  2. To allow livestock producers to protect the health of their animals with minimal oversight
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9
Q

What must be defined for an OTC labeled use drug

A

Dose, frequency, duration, route of administration, in a given species, and to treat a specified disease

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10
Q

In order for a drug to be considered over the counter all of the information for labeled use must be…..

A

Written down in a manner easily understood by a lay person

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11
Q

When is a prescription required

A
  1. The labeled use can’t be easily understood by a lay person
  2. Professional (veterinarian) is needed to diagnose the disease and monitor the patient for a response to the drug or adverse effects
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12
Q

T or F: labeled use only applies to prescription drugs

A

False, applies to prescription and OTC

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13
Q

Use of a drug in some manner other than the label or use of a drug for which there is no label is considered

A

Extra label drug use (ELDU)

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14
Q

What act/law defines labeled use

A

Federal food, drug and cosmetic act

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15
Q

In 1958 the FD&CA made ____ illegal and why

A

Extra labeled drug use because there were problems with drugs ending up in food chain

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16
Q

In 1994 what act/law was passed to overturn the decision of FD&CA in making ELDU illegal in 1958 and why

A

Animal Medicinal Drug use Clarification act

More people started having pets in their homes and therefore we needed to use certain ELD to treat diseases

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17
Q

What are the regulations for prescription ELDU

A
  1. Veterinarians must adhere to the labeled use, unless they judge it is ineffective
  2. ELDU is ONLY allowed for FDA approved animal or human drugs
  3. A human drug can’t be used if an animal drug can be used for the indication
  4. Requires veterinary supervision and an active VPCR
  5. Can’t be administered in food but can be in water
  6. Particular restrictions for food animals (see separate card)
  7. Use of an OTC in a way that isn’t labeled is ELDU- consider prescribing
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18
Q

What are the particulars/specifics for regulating prescription ELDU in food animals

A
  1. Only for therapeutic use, not for production
  2. Can’t result in any tissue residue that may be a risk to public health
  3. In the absence of scientific data on human food safety, the animal must be kept out of the food supply
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19
Q

Why can’t prescription ELDU be administered in food or liquids OTHER than water

A

Considered compounding

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20
Q

Who is responsible the vet or producer for monitoring food animals being kept out of food system if prescribed an ELDU that either has residue in tissues and/or was on a medication that has no scientific data on human food safety

A

VETERINARIAN

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21
Q

Who legalized compounding

A

AMDUCA

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22
Q

Is compounding ELDU

A

Yes

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23
Q

What is compounding

A

Alteration of the original dosage form for ease of administration or because the labeled form is inappropriate for the intended purpose or because an approved drug does not exist

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24
Q

Who determines what drugs can be compounded

A

FDA

25
Q

Who can produce a compounded prescription

A

Veterinarian or pharmacist

26
Q

Can production of a compounded drug be from bulk drugs, why or why not

A

No because bulk drugs aren’t under the same regulatory control

27
Q

What act defined the classes of controlled substances

A

Comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act (CDAPCA)

28
Q

What drugs are considered class 1

A

LSD, marijuana, heroin

29
Q

Do class 1 drugs have any medical use

A

No

30
Q

What class of drug are phenobarbital, diazepam, butorphanol

A

Class IV

31
Q

What class of drug are hydromorphone, fentanyl, and pentobarbital

A

Class II

32
Q

What class of drug are ketamine, Telazol, zolazepam

A

Class III

33
Q

How long must a hospital keep records of controlled substance prescriptions

A

Minimum of 2 years

34
Q

What class/schedule of drugs must be kept separate from other classes

A

Class 2

35
Q

What class/schedule of drugs requires a special order form (DEA-222) or online access (DEA CSOS)

A

Class 2

36
Q

How must controlled substances be stored at faiclity

A

Must be secured in a locked container, preferable fixed to foundation, prescription pads should be kept secure

37
Q

Loss or theft of controlled substances or prescription pads should be reported to who

A

DEA and state pharmacy board

38
Q

What agency regulates pesticides

A

EPA

39
Q

What department regulates controlled substances

A

USDOJ—> DEA

40
Q

Who regulates drugs, feeds, and medical devices

A

USDHHS—>FDA—>CVM (FD&CA and AMDUCA)

41
Q

Who regulates vaccines and biologics

A

USDA—>APHIS—>CVB

42
Q

What are the 3 methods of issuance for prescriptions

A

Preprinted forms handed to client, electronically submitted to pharmacy, phoned to a pharmacy

43
Q

What is the required information for prescriptions

A
  1. Facility name, address and phone number
  2. Your name and credentials
  3. Clients name, pets name
  4. Date
  5. Drug name and strength
  6. Quantity, refill instructions
  7. Directions
  8. DEA # if controlled
  9. Signature
44
Q

Which class of drugs can’t have refills on same rx

A

2

45
Q

Which class MUST be written prescription

A

Class 2

46
Q

What is the refill maximum for schedule III-V controlled substances

A

5

47
Q

How long is the prescription good for schedule III-V

A

6 months

48
Q

How to prevent errors by pharmacist

A

Use prescription software or write legibly, be specific about drug names and use generic names, include diagnosis, indication for drug and any supplemental instructions

49
Q

What units should be used in prescription s

A

Metric units (ex: mL not tsp)

50
Q

Which abbreviation: q24 or SID

A

Q24

51
Q

Which abbreviation: q12 or BID

A

Both fine, q12 better

52
Q

When do you use decimal points in writing drug dose on prescription and when do you not use them

A

You use a decimal point when the dose is <1 (ex: 0.1 not .1). Don’t use a decimal point when > 1 (5 not 5.0- can be mistaken for 50)

53
Q

How to prevent errors by client for prescription drugs

A

Write directions for use in plain English, specify how often and how many, do not use abbreviations

54
Q

A practice can fill a prescription but under a state pharmacy law they are required to do what

A

Provide a prescription if requested

55
Q

What is required when for prescription label

A
  1. Prescription #
  2. Label with valid legend
56
Q

Is Rx only a valid legend

A

No, only used in humans

57
Q

What is the valid legend for veterinary medicine on prescription label

A

“Caution: federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian”

“For animal use only”

For veterinary use only”

58
Q

In addition to the required prescription information what must be on the label

A
  1. Manufacturer
  2. Form (pill, powder, liquid, capsule)
  3. Important warnings
  4. Date of issue

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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