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Micro/Immuno Exam 1 > Lecture 7 - Transplant Immunology (Bailey) > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Transplant Immunology (Bailey) Flashcards

1
Q

Orthotopic

A

Transplanting a cell or tissue to the SAME anatomical site

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2
Q

Heterotopic

A

Transplanting a cell or tissue to a DIFFERENT anatomical site

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3
Q

Autologous graft

A

graft transplanted from one individual to the same individual

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4
Q

Syngeneic graft

A

transplanted between 2 genetically identical (or very similar) people

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5
Q

allogeneic graft

A

b/t two genetically different people

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6
Q

What is DIRECT alloantigen recognition?

A

When T-cells recognize allogeneic MHC (or allogenic MHC + self peptide)

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7
Q

What is an allogeneic MHC?

A

A non-self MHC

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8
Q

What is INDIRECT alloantigen recognition?

A

When an APC engulfs an allogenic MHC (or entire allogeneic cell), processes the MHC like a foreign protein, and presents the allogeneic MHC in the context of self MHC.

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9
Q

What are the 3 different types of graft rejection that can occur?

A
  1. Hyperacute rejection
  2. Acute rejection
  3. Chronic rejection
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10
Q

What is HYPERACUTE graft rejection?

A
  • happens in a couple of days
  • graft dies
  • pre-existing alloreactive antibodies bound to the graft
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11
Q

What is ACUTE rejection?

A
  • happens in a week
  • cytotoxic T cells develop against graft
  • B cells produce alloreactive antibodies
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12
Q

What is CHRONIC graft rejection?

A
  • grafts survive for 6+ months
  • alloreactive T cells produce cytokines
  • macrophages activated
  • inflammation
  • growth factor production
  • thickening of vascular smooth muscle (intimal smooth muscle)
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13
Q

What do hyperacute, acute, and chronic graft rejection have in common?

A

vascular damage leads to organ failure

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14
Q

Why is IL-2 important?

A

T-cell clonal expansion

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15
Q

What happens if you block CD3?

A

blocks activation of the T cell receptor (TCR)

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16
Q

What happens if you block B7?

A

blocks the costimulation needed for activation of T cells

17
Q

What is graft versus host disease?

A

Graft begins to fight against the host cells

18
Q

What happens when tumors down-regulate MHC I?

A

NK cell activation & tumor protection

19
Q

What does activated NK cells produce?

A

IFN-(gamma)

20
Q

What does IFN-(gamma) do?

A

lead to activation of macrophages

21
Q

Macrophages are sensitive to…

A

cytokin microenvironment

22
Q

If IFN-(gamma) is present, a macrophage will become…

A

an M1 Macrophage

classical activation

23
Q

If any TH2-assocated cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-13, or IL-10) are present, a macrophage will become…

A

an M2 Macrophage

alternative activation

24
Q

What do M1 macrophages do?

A

engulf & kill tumor cells

25
Q

What do M2 macrophages do?

A

promote tumors

involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling

26
Q

Principal cells involved in anti-tumor immunity

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

27
Q

What cells can induce apoptosis in cancer cells?

A

T cells

28
Q

What does a T cell release from its granules to induce apoptosis in a target cell?

A

perforin

granzyme

29
Q

What is CROSS-PRIMING?

A

APC engulfs tumor cell, processes antigen, and presents it w/ MHC I to CTL

30
Q

What do CD4+ T cells use to fight tumors?

A

their cytokines help activate CTL and macrophages (which can kill tumor cells)

31
Q

What do B cells do to fight tumors?

A

Antibody-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity

they bind to tumor cells so NK cells can recognize them and become activated. Then NK cells kill tumor cell.

32
Q

Is the immune system always protective against cancer?

A

No

33
Q

How does chronic inflammation lead to cancer?

A

cytokines lead to increased cell proliferation (hyperplasia), causing abnormal cell morphology, and the development of free radicals that can damage DNA

Micro/Immuno Exam 1 (10 decks)

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