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Micro/Immuno Exam 1 > Lecture 1 - Innate vs. Adaptive; Pattern Recognition (Bailey) > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Innate vs. Adaptive; Pattern Recognition (Bailey) Flashcards

1
Q

What is infection?

A

Invasion of the body by a microbe that causes damage either directly or indirectly.

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2
Q

What are the 6 steps of infectious disease?

A
  1. Encounter (w/ pathogen)
  2. Entry (into body)
  3. Colonization and/or Invasion
  4. Multiplication and/or Spread
  5. Damage
  6. Outcome
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3
Q

Does encounter = infection?

A

NO!

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4
Q

Nonspecific Adherence (of a pathogen to a surface)

A

reversible
docking
examples: random interaction, electrostatic attractions, etc.

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5
Q

Specific Adherence (of a pathogen to a surface)

A

Irreversible
Anchoring
Involves ADHESINS

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6
Q

What are adhesins?

A

Adhesins are involved in SPECIFIC ADHERENCE. They are on the surface of microbes.
They bind to adhesin receptors, which are very specific.
Example: Strep. mutans uses GLUCOSYL TRANSFERASE as an adherin

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7
Q

What are the two mechanisms of “spread?”

A
  1. LATERAL PROPOGATION to continuous tissues
    • multiply then spread
  2. DISSEMINATION to distant sites
    • spread then multiply
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8
Q

Is DAMAGE necessary for a microbe to be considered a pathogen?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is the principal physiological role of the immune system?

A

To protect the organism from infectious microbes.

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10
Q

What are some PHYSICAL BARRIERS of INNATE IMMUNITY?

A
  1. epithelial surfaces (skin)
  2. mucosal surfaces
  3. flushing action of tears and saliva
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11
Q

What is a CHEMICAL BARRIER of INNATE IMMUNITY?

A

ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES (AMP)

 - present on mucosal surfaces, skin, etc. 
 - 45 AMPs in saliva alone 
 - tend to be cationic (pathogens are anionic)
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12
Q

Name 4 AMPs and their function.

A
  1. Lysozyme - cleaves peptidoglycan; active against gram + bacteria
  2. Cathelicidin - disrupts bacterial membranes
  3. Defensins - creates pores in microbes
  4. Lactoferrin - sequesters iron that bacteria need to survive
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13
Q

What is a MICROBIAL BARRIER of INNATE IMMUNITY?

A

Microbiota

 - outnumbers cells of the body 10:1
 - outnumbers human genes 100:1
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14
Q

What 2 categories are leukocytes divided into?

A
  1. Innate Cells
    • first responders
    • non-specific
  2. Adaptive Immune Cells
    • respond later
    • specific
    • MHC restricted
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15
Q

Where to INNATE immune cells come from?

A

Myeloid cells

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16
Q

Where to ADAPTIVE immune cells come from?

A

Lymphoid Cells

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17
Q

What are the cells of the INNATE immune system?

A
  1. Monocytes/Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Dendritic Cells
  4. Other Granulocytes
    • eosinophils
    • basophils
    • mast cells
  5. Natural Killer Cells
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18
Q

Main role of Eosinophils?

A

parasitic infections (recognizes IgE-coated parasites)

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19
Q

Do neutrophils present antigens?

A

No, they just kill.

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20
Q

Which cells of the innate immune system are great antigen-presenting cells?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages and Dendritic cells

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21
Q

How are monocytes and macrophages different?

A

Monocytes - in circulation

Macrophages - in tissue

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22
Q

What are the 3 important function of macrophages?

A
  1. Kill
  2. Present Antigen
  3. Produce cytokines
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23
Q

What cell of the innate immune response has a multi-lobed nucleus?

A

Neutrophil aka Polymorphonuclear Cell (PMN)

-granulocyte

24
Q

What is the main function of a neutrophil?

A

Kill

25
Q

What is the main function of a dendritic cell

A

Antigen presentation

26
Q

What is the PRINCIPAL cell type that LINKS the innate immune response to the adaptive immune response?

A

Dendritic Cell

27
Q

What are the cells of the ADAPTIVE immune response?

A

B cells
T cells
Natural Killer Cells

28
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

29
Q

Where to T cells mature?

A

Thymus

30
Q

Where to the cells of adaptive immunity come from?

A

Common LYMPHOID progenitor

31
Q

What are the two components of ADAPTIVE immunity?

A
  1. Humoral Component
    • B cell mediated
  2. Cell-Mediated Component
    • T cell mediated
32
Q

What are the two types of T-cells, and what do they do?

A
  1. Helper T-cells (produce cytokines that attract, activate, and inactivate leukocytes)
  2. Cytotoxic T-cells (kill virally infected cells and tumor cells)
33
Q

Which MHC to CD4+ (helper) T-cells recognize?

A

MHC II

34
Q

Which MHC to CD8+ (cytotoxic) T-cells recognize?

A

MHC I

35
Q

Where are cell of the adaptive immune system activated?

A

within lymph nodes

36
Q

How are T and B cells activated in a lymph node (LN)?

A
  1. microbe infects host
  2. microbe is taken up by APC @ site of infection
  3. APC enters lymph circulation and into LN
  4. Naive T and B cells enter LN from circulation
37
Q

What is a Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)?

A

PAMPs are unique structures on microbes (that often involve repeated structures) that are recognized by INNATE immune cells.

38
Q

What is an example of a PAMP on Gram Negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contains repeated sugars that can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on innate immune cells.

39
Q

What is an example of a PAMP on Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Murein and teichoic acids contain repeated sugars that can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on innate immune cells.

40
Q

What is a Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR)?

A

Receptor that cells of the INNATE immune system use to recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patters (PAMPs) on microbes.

41
Q

Name a key PRR on innate immune cells.

A

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

42
Q

Which type of bacteria does TLR2 recognize?

A

Gram +

43
Q

Which type of bacteria does TLR4 recognize?

A

Gram -

44
Q

What do extracellular surface TLRs recognize?

A

PAMPs

45
Q

What do INTRAcellular endosomal TLRs recognize?

A

things that are found in endosomes after phagocytosis (such as nucleic acids)

46
Q

Do TLRs only have to do with innate immune cells?

A

TLRs are only found on innate immune cells, but the consequences of TLR litigation affect BOTH innate and adaptive immunity.

47
Q

What do cells of the adaptive immune system recognize?

A

antigens

48
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any substance that can be SPECIFICALLY bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system

49
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

an antigen that elicits an immune response

50
Q

What is a Tolerogen?

A

an antigen that induces immunological tolerance of immune non-responsiveness.

51
Q

What is an Allergen?

A

an antigen that causes an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

52
Q

T-cells are MHC restricted. What does this mean?

A

They cannot recognize antigen alone. It must be presented by MHC.

53
Q

B-cells are NOT MHC restricted. What does this mean?

A

B cells can be directly activated by antigen.

However, T cells are often needed.

54
Q

What are some important receptors for INNATE immunity antigen recognition?

A
  1. Toll-like receptors (TLR)
  2. N-formyl-methionyl receptor
  3. mannose receptor
  4. scavenger receptor
55
Q

What are the two types of antigen-specific receptors of the ADAPTIVE immune system?

A

B cell receptor (Ig)
-recognizes solubue intact macromolecules and small chemicals

T cell receptor (TCR)
-ONLY recognizes processed antigen fragments presented by MHC on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Micro/Immuno Exam 1 (10 decks)

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