Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tissue biology > Lecture 7: The lymphoreticular system I > Flashcards

Lecture 7: The lymphoreticular system I Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

A network of soluble proteins, cells, tissue and organs that defend the body against ‘foreign invaders’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are white blood cells called?

A

Leucocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two broad groups of leucocytes?

A

Lymphoid cells and phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are lymphoid cells?

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different types of phagocytes?

A

Granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS)?

A

Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the lymphoreticular system?

A

Complex organisation of cells of the lymphoid and mononuclear phagotic system components of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were cells of the MPS previously known as?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why were cells of the MPS previously known as reticuloendothelial cells?

A

Their tendency to form a network (reticulum) by cytoplasmic extensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are cells of the lymphoreticular system found within the body?

A

Distributed in various organs/tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do lymphoreticular cells do?

A

Coordinate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name given to the process of blood cell formation?

A

Haematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the name of the stem cell that gives rise to the all leucocyte cells?

A

Multipotential hematopoletic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The myeloblast cell differentiates to give rise to which cells?

A

Granulocytes (basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil) and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Monocytes give rise to which types of cell?

A

The macrophage and dendritic cell (mononuclear phagotic system cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte arise from the differentiation of which cell type?

A

Small lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plasma cells arise from what type of cell?

A

B lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hemocytoblast differentiates into what two cell types?

A

Common myeloid progenitor and the common lymphoid progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

The site of haematopoiesis and occupies medullary cavity of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is bone marrow found in adult bodies?

A

Limited to the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What three cell types make up bone marrow?

A

Hematopoetic cells
Adipocytes (lipocytes)
Megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Play a key role in the immune system providing a learned/targeted (adaptive) response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How much of the WBC circulation do lymphocytes make up?

A

20-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When do the number of lymphocytes increase?

A

With viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How large are small lymphocytes?

A

6-9 nanometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the appearance of the lymphocytes nucleus?

A

Round/oviud nucleus, dense chromatin, nucleoli not usually visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the appearance of a lymphocytes cytoplasm?

A

Thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are T lymphocytes found within the body?

A

Immature T cells originate in bone marrow but migrate to mature in the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the functions of T cells?

A

Effector and regulatory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do t lymphocytes develop into?

A

Different functional sub sets: t helper cells, cytotoxic t cells and regulatory t cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

Help other immune cells (B cells, cytotoxic T cells and antigen presenting cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do cytotoxic t cells do?

A

Kill virus infected cells and cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do regulatory t cells do?

A

Suppress immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What antigen do cytotoxic t cells have?

A

CD8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What antigen do helper t cells have?

A

CD4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

B cell receptor (BCR) binds antigen (with the help of a T-helper cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens once a B cell is activated?

A

Undergoes mitosis, stimulated cells mature into plasma cells or memory B cells

40
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Large amounts of immunoglobulin (antibody)

41
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Highly phagotic cells (ingesting microorganisms, cell devris and particulate matter)

42
Q

Where do monocytes mature?

A

In tissues, into macrophages

43
Q

How large are monocytes?

A

Up to 20 micrometers diameter (largest of WBC)

44
Q

How much of the WBC circulation is made up of monocytes?

A

2-10%

45
Q

Describe the nucleus of a monocyte

A

Large, eccentrically placed
Stains less intensely dye to more open chromatin)
Kidney bean shape or folded usually

46
Q

What is the appearance of a monocytes cytoplasm?

A

Abundant and pale

47
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Large phagocytic immune cells found in tissues that have differentiated from monocytes

48
Q

What are tissue macrophages?

A

Populations of macrophages through the body that perform immune surveillance activities

49
Q

What are some immune serveillance activities?

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation and immune suppression

50
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Cells which process antigenic material and present it on the cell surface to a T cell

51
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

Tissues in contact with the external environment such as the skin (Langerhans cells)

52
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

System which provides a rapid immune response to infectious agents/toxins

53
Q

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A

Granulocytes and mononyclear phagotic system (MPS)

54
Q

What are the protein/peptide components of the innate immune system?

A

Complement, acute-phase proteins, chemokines and interleukins

55
Q

What does the innate immune response result in?

A

Inflammation

56
Q

What do the cells and proteins of the innate immune system support?

A

The adaptive immune system

57
Q

What characterises the adaptive immune system?

A

The ability to learn and memory

58
Q

What does it mean that the adaptive immune system has the ability to learn?

A

Subsequent encounters with a pathogen elicit faster, specific and greater responses

59
Q

Why does adaptive immunity rely of cell division (mitosis)?

A

To produce large numbers of lymphocytes with specificity towards a pathogen or antigen

60
Q

How long does it take for the adaptive immune system to develop a significant response?

A

3-5 days

61
Q

How do lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system attack pathogens?

A

Cellular response (T cells) or humoral response (B cells) or a combination

62
Q

How is adaptive immune system influenced by the innate response?

A

It is controlled by and amplifies the innate response

63
Q

What is the diversity of the innate immune system?

A

Limited; germline encoded

64
Q

What is the diversity of the adaptive immune system?

A

Large, receptors are produced by somatic recombination of gene segments

65
Q

What cells make up the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

66
Q

What cells make up the innate immune system?

A

Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils,) natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells

67
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Heterogenous group of immune cells that mediate cellular immune responses by processing and presenting antigens fro recognition by T cells

68
Q

What are some classical antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, B cells, DCs

69
Q

Explain T cell-independent B cell activation

A

Antigen on bacterium binds to B cell receptor, activated B cell undergoes clonal selection, cell proliferates, clonal expansion?

70
Q

What is the thymus?

A

Flattened lymphoid organ located in the anterior mediastinum/base of neck

71
Q

When is the thymus most active?

A

During childhood/puberty, then slowly involutes

72
Q

Why does the thymus secrete hormones?

A

To regulated T cell maturation, proliferation and function

73
Q

What does the thymus develop immunocompetent T cells from?

A

Bone marrow derived precursors

74
Q

Why does the thymus proliferate clones of mature naive T cells?

A

To supply the circulating and peripheral tissues

75
Q

Explain how the thymus functions in immunological self-tolerance?

A

Apoptosis of self-reactive T cells

76
Q

What does the thymus originate from?

A

Epithelial outgrowths which merge to form a single organ subdivides into fine lobules

77
Q

How does the epithelium of the thymus develop?

A

Into a sponge like structure with interconnecting spaces

78
Q

What are the spaces in the thymus colonised by?

A

Immature and maturing T lymphocytes

79
Q

What do epithelial cells in the thymus provide for lymphocytes?

A

Mechanical supporting framework

80
Q

What happens towards the centre of each lobule of the thymus?

A

Epithelial framework forms a coarser structure with smaller spaces

81
Q

What are the two regions of the thymus’ lobules?

A 
Outer cortex (more cellular)
Inner medulla (less cellular)
82
Q

How do lymphocytes move in and out of the thymus?

A

Post capillary venules in the corticomedullary region have specialised endothelial cells

83
Q

In adults, lymphoid tissue is separated by?

A

Adipose tissue

84
Q

Where do immature T cells enter the thymus?

A

Cortico-medullary junction

85
Q

What name is given to the region where immature T cells undergo maturation after entering the thymus?

A

Thymic cortex

86
Q

What happens in the outer cortex of the thymus?

A

Lymphoblasts divide by mitosis to produce clones of smaller mature T cells

87
Q

What happens to T cells as they move towards the medulla?

A

Further maturation

88
Q

What cells in the outercortex promote T cell maturation?

A

Thymic nurse (epithelial) cells

89
Q

What cells take up apoptotic cells in the thymus

A

Macrophages

90
Q

The epithelial framework of the thymic cortex is?

A

Finely branched (not see on H&E stain)

91
Q

Maturing T cells migrate from the thymic cortex to the …

A

thymic medulla

92
Q

What is the appearance of the thymic medulla compared to the cortex?

A

Epithelial component is more apparent, large pale-stained nuclei and eosiniphilic cytoplasm

93
Q

What name is given to the groups of keratinised cells in the medulla of the thymus

A

Hassal corpuscles

94
Q

What are thymic interdigitating cells?

A

Dendritic cells found in the medulla

95
Q

What do dendritic cells in the thymic medulla do

A

Play a role in clonal deletion (negative selection) of self-reactive T cells

96
Q

What do mature T cells do from the thymic medulla?

A

Enter blood and lymphatic vessels

Tissue biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions