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Tissue biology > Lecture 3: Basic cell types > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Basic cell types Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial tissue, supporting tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

Diverse group of tissues including surface epithelia and solid organs

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3
Q

What do epithelial tissues cover?

A

All body surface, cavities and tubes

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4
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

A

Containment, selective diffusion/absorption, secretion and physical protection

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5
Q

What do all epithelial tissues contain?

A

Cytokeratin intermediate filaments (makes them recognizable)

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6
Q

What are all epithelia supported by?

A

Basement membrane of variable thickness

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7
Q

What does the basement membrane separate the epithelium from?

A

Underlying supporting tissue

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8
Q

What does the basement membrane not contain?

A

Blood vessels

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9
Q

What is the consequence of basement membranes not containing blood vessels?

A

Epithelial cells are dependent on diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from connective tissue

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10
Q

Because of the basement membrane, epithelial cells are ______

A

polarised

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11
Q

What is the name of the side of the epithelial cells facing the basement membrane?

A

Basal surface

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12
Q

What is the name of the side of the epithelial cells facing towards the surface (not the basement membrane)

A

Apical surface

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13
Q

On what three properties are epithelial tissues classified?

A

No.cell layers, shape of cells, presence of surface specialisations

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14
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissues based on the number of cell layers?

A

Single layer: simple

Multilayered: stratified

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15
Q

What are the three shapes of component cells of epithelial tissues?

A

Squamous (flattened), cuboidal columnar

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16
Q

In stratified epithelia, the shape of which part of the tissues cells determine its name?

A

The surface shape

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17
Q

Describe the shape of simple squamous epithelium

A

Flattened, irregular shaped cells, form a continous surface

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18
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is often called…

A

Pavemented epithelium

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19
Q

What supports simple squamous epithelium?

A

A delicate underlying basement membrane

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20
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Lining surfaces involved in diffusion of gases or fluids (lungs, blood capillaries etc.)

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21
Q

How can simple squamous epithelium be recognized?

A

Nucleus bulges into the lumen

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22
Q

How is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue recognised?

A

Nucleus is round and located in the centre of the cell

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23
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue found?

A

Small ducts that are excretory, secretory or absoptive

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24
Q

Give an example of where simple cuboidal epithelium is found in the body.

A

Collecting tubules of kidney

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25
Q

What do cell borders of simple cuboidal epithelium look like?

A

Indistinct

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26
Q

Where are nuclei located in simple columnar epithelium?

A

Base, apex or centre of cytoplasm: this is polarity of nucleus

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27
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Absorptive surfaces (small intestine, gall bladder) or secretory (e.g. stomach)

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28
Q

Name another type of simple epithelia.

A

Psuedostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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29
Q

Why is psuedostratified columnar ciliated epithelium classed as simple epithelia?

A

All cells rest on basement membrane, just nuclei are at different levels

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30
Q

Where is psuedostratified columnar ciliated epithelium found?

A

Airways: also known as respiratory epithelium

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31
Q

What do the cilia do in psuedostratified columnar ciliated epithelium tissue and what is this called?

A

Propel mucus to the pharynx

Mucociliary escalator

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32
Q

What function does stratified epithelia have?

A

Mostly protective (too thick for absorption/secretion)

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33
Q

What are the shape of the cells at the top and bottom of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Flattened at the top

Cuboidal at the base

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34
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

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35
Q

How is the epidermis adapted to withstand constant abrasion/dessication?

A

Tough non-living surface layer composed of protein keratin wrapped in plasma membrane

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36
Q

What happens as the epithelium within the epidermis matures?

A

Nuclei are eventually lost

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37
Q

Describe the structure of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Thin, usually 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells only

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38
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining of larger excretory ducts of exocrine glands (salivary glands etc)

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39
Q

What is the strength of stratified cuboidal epithelium vs simple?

A

More robust

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40
Q

Is stratified cuboidal epithelium involved in significant secretory or absoptive activity?

A

No

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41
Q

What name is given to the epithelia found in the urinary tract of mammals?

A

Transitional epithelium (urothelium)

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42
Q

What is urothelium specialised for?

A

To accommodate stretch and the toxicity of urine

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43
Q

What types of epithelial cells does transitional epithelium have?

A

Intermediate between stratified cuboidal and squamous epithelia

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44
Q

When relaxed, what shape are the cells of the urothelium?

A

Large and rounded

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45
Q

When stretched, what shape are the cells of the urothelium?

A

Intermediate and surface layers are flattened

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46
Q

What are cilia?

A

Motile structures projecting from luminal surface of epithelial cells

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47
Q

Where are cilia most notably found? (As a specialisation of epithelia)

A

Female reproductive and respiratory tract

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48
Q

Cilia are not easily seen under a light microscope. True or false?

A

False

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49
Q

How do cilia move?

A

Wave-like synchronous rhythm to propell particles/fluid in a consistent direction

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50
Q

How long may cilia be?

A

10 micrometers

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51
Q

How many cilia may a cell have?

A

Up to 300

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52
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Minute, finger-like projections of the luminal plasma membrane

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53
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A

Epithelia specialised for absoption

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54
Q

How much can microvilli increase surface area by?

A

30 fold (may be thousands on one cell)

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55
Q

How long are microvilli?

A

1 micrometer

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56
Q

How do microvilli appear under a light microscope?

A

Cannot be resolved, but appear as a brush border

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57
Q

Where are microvilli found within the body?

A

Small intestine

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58
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Modified columnar epithelial cells that synthesise and secrete mucus

59
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

Scattered amongst simple epithelia, particualarly in the GI and respiratory tract

60
Q

How do you stain goblet cells?

A

PAS staining: stains bright pink

61
Q

What is epithelium primarily involved in secretion often arranged into?

A

stuctures called glands

62
Q

What are glands?

A

Invaginations of the epithelial surface which proliferate into the underlying connective tissue

63
Q

What do all glands have?

A

A continous basal rate of secretion which is modulated by nervous and hormonal influences

64
Q

What comprises exocrine glands?

A

Solid organs of largely epithelial cells, connected to surface epithelium of GI tract by branching system of ducts

65
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands

A

Small sweat glands
Salivary glands
Liver

66
Q

What are exocrine glands divided into?

A

Secretory components and duct system

67
Q

What are the types of secretory component?

A

Tubular or acinar

Coiled or branched

68
Q

What may the shape of the duct system be?

A

Branched (compound) or unbranched (simple)

69
Q

Where are simple tubular glands found?

A

Large intestine

70
Q

What type of gland are sweat glands?

A

Simple coiled tubular gland

71
Q

What do simple coiled tubular glands appear as under a microscope?

A

Different portions seen in each plane of section because of tight coiled shape

72
Q

Where is simple branched tubular glands found mostly?

A

In the stomach mucus

73
Q

How are endocrine glands formed>

A

Lose their connection to epithelial surface during development

74
Q

Where do endocrine glands release their secretions?

A

Directly into blood (and lymph??

75
Q

Why are most endocrine glands composed of more than one type of secretory cell?

A

They release more than one hormone product

76
Q

How is endocrine gland secretion usually controlled?

A

Metabolic factors (e.g. glucose)
Secretion of other hormones
Nervous system

77
Q

Describe the general structure of most endocrine glands

A

Clusters of secretory cells, each with their own basement membrane, surrounded by blood vessel network

78
Q

Of what origin is supporting tissue?

A

Mesodermal origin

79
Q

What does supporting tissue do?

A

Provide structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs

80
Q

What does supporting tissue mediate?

A

Exchange of nutrients, gases and metabolites between tissues and the circulatory system

81
Q

Name two forms of specialised supporting tissues

A

Blood, cartilage and bone

82
Q

What are supporting tissue composed of?

A
  • Specialised cells

- Extracellular matrix

83
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Dominant component of many supporting tissues, which determines physical properties of the tissues

84
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Ground substance

Fibres

85
Q

In an H&E stain, what does fibrous proteins in the supporting tissues look like?

A

Wavy bundles of pink-stained material

86
Q

In an H&E stain, what does ground substance appear as?

A

Pale, unstained

87
Q

What is the overall appearance of an H&E stain of supporting tissue?

A

Generally, cell density is low.

88
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen

89
Q

What does collagen provide?

A

Tensile strength

90
Q

In what form is collagen secreted from a cell?

A

Secreted as tropocollagen

91
Q

What happens to tropocollagen after it has been secreted into the extracellular matrix?

A

Polymerises into collagen

92
Q

Where is type 1 collagen found?

A

Dermis, tendons, ligaments, bone and fibrous supporting tissue

93
Q

In what form is type 1 collagen visible under light microscopes?

A

Bundles

94
Q

Where is type 2 collagen found?

A

Hyaline cartilage

95
Q

What is the appearance of type 2 collagen under a light microscope?

A

Fine fibrils dispersed in the ground substance

96
Q

What is type 3 collagen also called?

A

Reticulin

97
Q

What is the structure of type 3 collagen/reticulin?

A

Delicate branching supporting meshwork in highly cellular tissues

98
Q

Where is type 3 collagen found?

A

Liver, bone marrow and lymphoid organs

99
Q

How is type 3 collagen stained under a light microscope?

A

Absorb metallic silver, by which they are stained black

100
Q

What does type 4 collagen do?

A

Forms a mesh-like structure in basement membranes

101
Q

What is type 7 collagen?

A

Anchoring fibrils that link to the basement membrane

102
Q

What cells are derived from mesenchyme?

A

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, defence and immune cells

103
Q

What are the most common cells?

A

Fibroblasts

104
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Responsible for secreting extracellular matrix

105
Q

What is the function of myofibroblasts?

A

Contractile function and secretion of extracellular fluid

106
Q

What cells are responsible for secreting the extracellular matrix in cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

107
Q

What cells are responsible for secreting the extracellular matrix in bone?

A

Osteocytes

108
Q

What are adipocytes specialised for?

A

Storage and metabolism of fat, collectively form adipose tissue

109
Q

What cells make up defence and immune cells?

A

Mast cells, tissue macrophages and plasma cells

110
Q

What is the name given to the embryonic tissue from which all connective tissue is derived?

A

Primitive mesenchyme

111
Q

What shape are mesenchymal cells?

A

Stellate shaped

Delicate branching cytoplasmic extensions

112
Q

What shape are the nuclei of mesenchymal cells?

A

Oval

113
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix of mesenchyme cells

A

Mainly ground substance,very few fibres

114
Q

How does mature fibroblasts collagen fibres appear in an H&E stain?

A

Dense and very pink

115
Q

What is the shape of mature fibroblast nuclei?

A

Condensed and elongated in the direction of collagen bundles

116
Q

What is the main function of mature fibroblasts?

A

Maintain integrity of the tissue by slow turnover of extracellular matrix

117
Q

Where might supporting tissue be loose?

A

Bowel submucosa

118
Q

What is the basement membrane made of?

A

Sheet like arrangements of extra-cellular matrix proteins

119
Q

What is the basement membrane an interface between?

A

Support tissue and parenchymal cells

120
Q

What name is given to the basement membrane in nerve and muscle tissue?

A

External lamina

121
Q

What do basement membranes act as a barrier to?

A

Downward epithelial growth

122
Q

Where is the selective permability of supporting tissue of particular importance?

A

Kidney

123
Q

What are the main constituents of basement membranes?

A

Collagen type 4

Structural glycoproteins laminin, entactin and fibronectin

124
Q

What produces the main constituents of basement membranes (except fibronectin)

A

Epithelial cells

125
Q

What produces fibronectin?

A

Fibroblasts

126
Q

What three layers make up the basement membrane?

A

Lamina lucida, lamina densa and lamina fibroreticularis

127
Q

What is the lamina lucida?

A

Transparent layer abuts the plasma membrane of the basal epithelial cells

128
Q

What is the lamina densa?

A

Intermediate electron-dense layer

129
Q

What is the lamina fibroreticularis?

A

Broad electrolucent layer which merges with supporting tissue underneath

130
Q

What does lamina densa and lucida mainly consist of?

A

Type 4 collagen and laminin

131
Q

What does lamina fibroreticularis mainly consist of?

A

Type 3 collagen and fibronectin

132
Q

Adipose tissue generally has a rich blood supply. True or false? Why?

A

True

For releasing energy

133
Q

What might influence fat metabolism of adipocytes?

A

Hormones, nervous system, diet and energy expenditure

134
Q

What proteins are adipocytes responsible for releasing?

A

Adipocytokines

135
Q

Give an example of an adipocytokine.

A

Leptin, tumour necrosis factor alpha

136
Q

What does adipocytokines do?

A

Regulate body mass and influence general metabolism

137
Q

What % body weight does white adipose tissue make up in adults?

A

20% males

25% females

138
Q

Where is white adipose tissue distributed?

A

Throughout the body, especially deep in the dermis

139
Q

What other function does white adipose tissue have?

A

Thermal insulator and a cushion against mechanical shock (e.g. in kidney)

140
Q

What receptors do adipocytes have?

A

Insulin, cortisol, growth hormone and noradrenaline

141
Q

What shape does fat cells have?

A

Signet ring shape

142
Q

What is brown adipose tissue?

A

Highly specialised type found in newborn mammals

143
Q

What is the role of brown adipose tissue?

A

Temperature regulation

144
Q

How is brown adipose tissue arranged?

A

Lobules separated by fibrous septae which convey blood vessels and nerves

Tissue biology (7 decks)

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