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Tissue biology > Lecture 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How much of the bilayer do phospholipids make up?

A

50%

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2
Q

What type of layer do electron microscopes show of the plasma membrane?

A

Trilaminar layer

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3
Q

Describe the appearance of the trilaminar layer.

A

Outer: electron dense
Central: electron lucent

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4
Q

What three parts make up the polar head of a phospholipid

A

Nitrogenous compound
Phosphate bridge
glycerol

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5
Q

How much of the nucleus does DNA make up?

A

20%

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6
Q

What protein does the nucleus contain?

A

Nucleoprotein

RNA

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7
Q

What are the two types of nucleoprotein?

A

Histone proteins

Non-histone proteins

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8
Q

What are non-histone proteins found in the nucleus?

A

Enzymes for synthesis of DNA and RNA

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9
Q

The nucleus is ____-genous

A

Heterogenous

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10
Q

What name is given to the electron dense areas of the nucleus?

A

Heterochromatin (inactive coiled chromatin)

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11
Q

What name is given to the electron lucent areas of the nucleus?

A

Euchromatin (DNA involved in RNA synthesis)

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12
Q

Cells involved in highly active protein synthesis contain

A

Dense nucleoli

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13
Q

What does the nucleolus consist of?

A

RIbosomes and ribosomal RNA

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14
Q

Where is the nucleolus constructed? Where is it transported to?

A

Nucleolus

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

What happens in the RER?

A

Proteins fold into their tertiary structure, proteins exported

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16
Q

What is the RER?

A

System of flattened tubules covered with ribosomes

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17
Q

What is the SER?

A

Continous with and similar to RER but no ribosomes

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18
Q

What occurs in the SER?

A

Synthesis of lipids and membranes, membrane repair

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19
Q

Where is the SER prominent?

A

Cells which discrete lipid/steroids: liver, steroid-secreting cells of adrenals/gonads

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20
Q

What is the structure of the golgi?

A

4-6 saucer shaped stacked membrane bound cisternae

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21
Q

What is the function of the golgi?

A

Modification of proteins (glycolisation of proteins, package proteins into secretory granules)

22
Q

What occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Energy production by oxidative phosphorylation

23
Q

What are the four compartments of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane, inner membrane, matrix, intermembranous space

24
Q

Why is the outermembrane of the mitochondria permeable?

A

Due to porin

25
Q

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria fold into?

A

Christae (increases surface area for reactions to take place on)

26
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix have?

A

Contains matrix granules

Binds Ca++

27
Q

What does the intermembranous space of the mitochondria contain?

A

Enzymes

28
Q

Why is the mitochondria unusual?

A
  • Contains 1 or more strands of circular DNA

- Undergo self-replication

29
Q

What is the name of the theory that mitochondria are derived from bacteria?

A

Endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria

30
Q

How can the mitochondria be visualised under a microscope?

A

Cytochemical stain for cytochrome oxidase (involved in pathway)

31
Q

Where are fatty acids and triglycerides made?

A

Cytosol

32
Q

Where are cholesterol and phospholipids made?

A

sER

33
Q

How can lipids be stained?

A

Frozen, stained with osmium tetroxide (stains black)

34
Q

What is the diameter of microfilaments?

A

5-9nm

35
Q

What is the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells?

A

Actin (5%)

36
Q

What is the structure of a microfilament?

A

Two-stranded helical polymer of G-actin protein

37
Q

How many types of actin do mammals have?

A

6

38
Q

What groups are mammals actin classified into?

A

Alpha (muscle cells/muscle differentiation)
Beta
Gamma

39
Q

What is the diameter of a microtubule?

A

25nm

40
Q

What is the shape of a microtubule?

A

Hollow cylinder

41
Q

What is tubulin made of?

A

Alpha and beta tubulin (heterodimer)

42
Q

Why do microtubules have a polar structure?

A

Each heterodimer is in the same orientation

43
Q

Where do mictotubules extend from?

A

The centrosome

44
Q

What motor proteins achieve movement along a microtubule?

A

Dynein and kinesin

45
Q

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments?

A

10nm

46
Q

What is the structure/shape of intermediate filaments?

A

Elongated rope-like fibrous molecules

47
Q

What do intermediate filaments form?

A

Extensive netwoek around nucleus and out to cell periphery, spanning cytoplasm from one cell-cell junction to another

48
Q

How many types of intermediate filaments are there?

A

More than 50

49
Q

What are the three classes of intermediate filament?

A

Keratin filaments (cytokeratins)
Vimentin and vimentin related filaments
Neurofilamets

50
Q

Where are cytokeratins found?

A

Epithelial cells

51
Q

Where is vimentin and vimentin-related filaments found?

A

Cells of mesodermal origin

52
Q

Where is the study of intermediate filament useful?

A

Diagnosis in histopathology

Tissue biology (7 decks)

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