Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tissue biology > Lecture 5: The upper gastrointestinal tract > Flashcards

Lecture 5: The upper gastrointestinal tract Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three major layers of the mucosa found throughout the GI tract?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of the muscularis mucosae?

A

Local movement and folding of the mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What three things are found in the submucosa?

A

Nerves, blood vessels, supporting connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What name is given to the contractions of the GI tract to help move food along?

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the epithelium line?

A

The lumen of the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why does the epithelium change in colour along the GI tract?

A

Different types of epithelial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis propria?

A

Outer longitudinal layer

Inner circular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What layer of muscularis propria is found only in the stomach and helps with mechanical digestion?

A

Third inner oblique layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What name is given to the outermost layer of loose supporting tissue?

A

Adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name of the outermost layer supporting the muscularis layer in the stomach?

A

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of cells make up the serosa?

A

Simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The serosal layer that covers intraabdominal structures is known as

A

Visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What structure binds the digestive tracts to the abdominal wall?

A

Mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is protective mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

Esophagus, anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is secretory mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

Stomach, small and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is absoptive mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

Small intestine (dudenum: brunner’s gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is absorptive/protective mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

The whole large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of epithelial cells make up protective mucosa?

A

Stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What structures differentiate absorptive/protective mucosa?

A

Lots of mucus secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube which transports food from mouth to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is transport in the oesophagus driven?

A

Peristaltic contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What sphincters contribute to food movement control in the oseophagus?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter and upper oesophageal sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the oesophagus?

A

Non-keratinised squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are oseophageal glands?

A

Small groups of mucus-secreting glands in the sub-mucosa of the oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the purpose of the oseophgeal glands secreting mucus?

A

Lubrication and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What glands are found in the oseophagus nearer to the stomach?

A

Oesophgeal cardiac glands are found within the lamina propria and secrete mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens to the mucosa at the junction of the oesophagus and the stomach?

A

Abruptly changes to glandular secretory (simple columnar epithelial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is the stomach split into different regions?

A

These have different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the name of the region of the stomach located at the transition from esophagus to the stomach?

A

Cardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the shape and size of the cardia?

A

A narrow circular band, <1.5-3cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do most glands of the gastric cardia secrete?

A

Mucus and lysozyme

32
Q

What type of cardiac glands does the mucosa of the cardia contain

A

Simple or branched, coiled with large lumens

33
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Attacks bacterial cell walls

34
Q

What other cells are found in the gastric cardia?

A

Parietal cells

35
Q

What are the glands of the cardia similar to?

A

Cardiac glands of the oesophagus

36
Q

What type of mucosa makes up the gastric cardia?

A

Protective mucosa

37
Q

What is found in the lamina propria of the fundus and body of the stomach?

A

Abundant number of gastric glands

38
Q

How are epithelial cells distrubuted in the fundus and body of the stomach?

A

Not uniformly

39
Q

What are the three main areas of each gastric gland?

A

Isthmus, neck, base

40
Q

What is the structure at the top of the gastric gland called?

A

Gastric pit/foveolus

41
Q

What cells make up the isthmus?

A

Parietal cells

42
Q

What type of cells make up the neck of the neck of the gastric gland?

A

Neck mucous cells, stem cells, parietal cells

43
Q

What type of cells are found in the base of the gastric gland?

A

Peptic cells, parietal cells, neck mucous cells, neuroendocrine cells

44
Q

Parietal cells stain in an H&E

A

Light

45
Q

Chief cells stain in an H&E

A

Dark

46
Q

Why are stem cells found in the isthmus and neck of the gastric gland?

A

Cells are exposed to acid to are replaced regularly (high turn over rate)

47
Q

Where do stem cells move to?

A

Upwards to replace mucous cells

Downwards to differentiate into parietal, chief or endocrine cells

48
Q

Mucous cells have a _ to _ day turnover, parietal, chief and endocrine cells are replaced less often

A

4 to 7

49
Q

Mucous neck cells are arranged how?

A

Clusters or single cells in the neck of gastric glands

50
Q

How are mucous neck cells different to superfical mucous glands?

A

Larger secretory granules

51
Q

Parietal cells are called

A

oxyntic

52
Q

Where are parietal cells present mainly?

A

in the upper half of gastric glands

53
Q

What is the structure of parietal cells in gastric glands?

A

Large round cells with eosiophilic cytoplasm

54
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid

55
Q

Parietal cells are metabolically active so have

A

Numerous mitochondria and intracellular canaliculi

56
Q

Chief cells are aclled

A

Zymogenic cells

57
Q

Where do chief cells predominate?

A

Lower part of tubular glands

58
Q

What features are abundant in chief cells?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, condensed basal nuclei (pushed to one side), basophilic (purple) granular cytoplasm

59
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)

60
Q

What happens to pepsinogen once secreted?

A

Rapidly converts to active form pepsin

61
Q

Pepsin is what type of enzyme?

A

proteolytic

62
Q

What else do chief cells secrete?

A

Lipase, to help break down fat

63
Q

Name 4 types of neuroendocrine cells

A
  • Enterochromaffin cells
  • G cells
  • Delta cells
  • Other
64
Q

What does enterochromaffin cells secrete?

A
  • Chromogranin (induces secretions)

- Calbindin (Ca2+ binding)

65
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin (stimulates acid secretion)

66
Q

What do delta cells do?

A

Inhibit secretions

67
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Ca2+ metabolism

68
Q

What region of the stomach is found before the deodeum?

A

Pylorus

69
Q

How do gastric pits differ in the pylorus?

A

Deeper, communicate with pyloric glands

70
Q

What is secreted in the pylorus?

A

Mucus, lysozyme, gastrin

71
Q

What do D cells in the pylorus secrete?

A

Somatostain (helps inhibit acid secretion)

72
Q

What type of cell secrets gastrin?

A

G cells

73
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Activates parietal cells

74
Q

What type of stimulation makes G cells secrete gastrin?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

Stomach distension and amino acids directly stimulate

75
Q

What stimulates D cells to secrete somatostain?

A

HCl, to counterbalance acid secretion

Tissue biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions