Lecture 7 T1 Vision2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A

Photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells

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2
Q

Rods and cone cells stimulate bipolar cells due to what neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

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3
Q

What do amacrine cells of the retina release?

A

8 or more kinds of neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine, dopamine, ACh, indolamine (all inhibitory)).

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4
Q

Horizontal cells can be seen as ________, being the interaction between several different cells.

A

interneurons

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5
Q

Photoreceptors include what structures?

A

Rods and cones

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6
Q

Where do photoreceptors transmit signal?

A

the outer plexiform layer

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7
Q

What structure synapses with bipolar cells and horizontal cells?

A

Photoreceptors

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8
Q

Where do horizontal cells transmit signals?

A

from rods and cones to bipolar cells, and transmit signals to outer plexiform layers

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9
Q

True/False: Horizontal cells output is always excitatory.

A

False. Horizontal cells output is always inhibitory

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10
Q

What do bipolar cells synapse with?

A

amacrine and ganglion cells

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11
Q

Where do bipolar cells transmit signals?

A

from rods, cones, and horizontal cells

to inner plexiform layer

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12
Q

Where do amacrine cells transmit signals?

A

Directly from bipolar to ganglion cells
OR
Within inner plexiform layer from axons of bipolar cells to dendrites of ganglion cells or to another amacrine cell

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13
Q

Where do ganglion cells transmit signals?

A

ganglion cells transmit signals from retina to the brain.

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14
Q

Axons of what cells make up the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cells

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15
Q

What are the only retina cells that transmit action potentials?

A

axons of the ganglion cells.

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16
Q

Where do interplexiform cells transmit signals?

A

They transmit signals from the inner plexiform later to the outer plexiform layer

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17
Q

What type of signals do interplexiform cells give and for what function?

A

Inhibitory signals; lateral inhibition

18
Q

What are the four neurons that make up pure rod vision?

A

Rods, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion

19
Q

What is the function of most amacrine cells?

A

interneurons that help analyze visual signals before they leave the retina

20
Q

Approaching the fovea, fewer rods and cones converge on each optic fiber and rods and cones become more slender. This increases ________________ in central retina.

A

visual acuity

21
Q

In the central fovea there are only slender cones and no rods. This means that this is an area of ________.

A

pure color vision

22
Q

The ________ is more sensitive to weak light.

This also means there is ______ visual acuity.

A

peripheral retina; less

23
Q

What percentage of ganglion cells are made up by W ganglion cells?

A

40%

24
Q

What size are W ganglion cells?

A

small

25
Q

What type of ganglion cells are most likely responsible for all color vision?

A

X ganglion cells

26
Q

Which type of ganglion cells transmit signals the fastest?

A

Y ganglion cells.

27
Q

What receives input from the optic nerve?

A

dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

28
Q

What is the function of the DLGN?

A

relays information from the optic tract to visual cortex by was of optic radiation (geniculocalcarine tract), which confers a high degree of spatial fidelity from retina to the visual cortex.

29
Q

How many layers in the geniculate nucleus?

A

6
2,3,5 - receive signals from lateral half of ipsilateral retina
1,4,6 - receive signals from medial half of opposite retina

30
Q

What is the approximate decussation of the DLGN?

A

about 50% in optic chiasm

31
Q

True/False: lateral geniculate body receives information from both eyes.

A

True

32
Q

What are layers 1 and 2 of the geniculate nucleus known for?

A

magnocellular layers (magnocellular = big cells, named for histological appearance of cells), contain large neurons, provide rapidly conducting pathway to visual cortex, receives input almost entirely from the large Y type ganglion cells, transmit only back and white, and point to point transmission is poor.

33
Q

What type of matter are the layer are in the geniculate nucleus?

A

gray matter

34
Q

What are layers 3-6 of the geniculate nucleus known for?

A

parvocellular layers, small to medium neurons, receives input from type X ganglion cells, provides moderate conducting pathway to visual cortex, transmits color and provides accurate point to point transmission.

35
Q

Type X ganglion cells

A

color vision, sharpest vision, medium speed of transmission

36
Q

What is the location of the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobes

37
Q

What signals does the primary cortex receive?

A
  • signals from the macular area terminate near the occipital lobe
  • signals from the more peripheral retina terminate at or in concentric half circles ant to the pole bit still along the calcarine fissure.
38
Q

How many layers of the primary cortex?

A

6 layers

39
Q

In the primary cortex, what later do the geniculocalcarine fibers terminate?

A

4

40
Q

Special column-like areas called ______________ are located among the columns of the secondary visual areas. They receive later signals from adjacent visual columns and are activated specifically by color signals.

A

color blobs

41
Q

In what layer of the primary visual cortex do signals from the two separate eyes ender alternating stripes of columns?

A

Layer IV

42
Q

What deciphers whether the respective areas of the two visual images from the two separate eyes are in register with each other? What is this deciphered information used to do?

A

Cortical area; adjust the directional gaze of the separated eyes.