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Physiology II E1 > L4 T1 general sensory mechanisms > Flashcards

L4 T1 general sensory mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five basic types of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, electromagnetic receptors, chemoreceptors

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2
Q

What are the mechanoreceptors (including free and encapsulated) that receive skin tactile sensibilities?

A

Merkel’s disc and its variants, Meissner’s corpuscle, and Kraus’ corpuscles

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3
Q

What are the mechanoreceptors (including free and encapsulated) that receive deep tissue sensibilities?

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle’s and pacinian corpuscles

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4
Q

What mechanoreceptors detect hearing?

A

sound receptors of cochlea

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5
Q

What mechanoreceptors detect equilibrium?

A

Vestibular receptors

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6
Q

What mechanoreceptors detect arterial pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

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7
Q

What is the same for free nerve endings that respond to pain?

A

Nociceptors

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8
Q

What type of receptors include rods and cones of the eye for vision?

A

Electromagnetic receptors

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9
Q

What type of receptors detect warm and cold?

A

Thermoreceptors

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10
Q

Name three things chemoreceptors detect.

A

Taste, smell, arterial oxygen, osmolarity, blood CO2, blood glucose amino acids and fatty acids

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11
Q

What is differential sensitivity?

A

Each type of receptors is highly sensitive to one type of stimulus and is almost non-responsive to other types

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12
Q

What is modality?

A

modality refers to each of the principle types of sensation

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13
Q

What is the labeled line principle?

A

refers to the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality sensation

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14
Q

What is adaptation?

A

All sensory receptors adapt either partially or completely to any constant stimulus after a period of time. Some receptors adapt to a far greater extent than others.

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15
Q

What are the four mechanisms of stimulation for receptors?

A

mechanical deformation, application of a chemical, temperature change, and electromagnetic radiation

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16
Q

Name an example of how a potential can be created for a receptor.

A

Potentials are created at the receptor by opening “modality” gated channels such as sodium channels that are opened in response to membrane deformation caused by the touch or pressure.

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17
Q

If the receptor potential is strong enough (through summation), it may generate an action potential where on the primary sensory neuron?

A

at the first node of ranvier

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18
Q

What are the types of tonic receptors?

A
  • Muscle spindles
  • golgi tendon organs
  • macula and vestibular receptors
  • baroreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of tonic receptors?

A
  • slow adapting
  • detect continuous stimulus strength
  • transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present
20
Q

What are the characteristics of phasic receptors?

A
  • rapidly adapting
  • do not transmit a continuous signal
  • stimulated only when stimulus strength changes
  • transmit information regarding rate of change
21
Q

What are the characteristics of type A nerve fibers?

A
  • can be subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta

- large and medium sized myelinated fibers of spinal nerves

22
Q

What are the characteristics of type C nerve fibers?

A
  • small, unmyelinated fibers
  • conduct signals and low velocity
  • make up more than half of all sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves and all postganglionic autonomic fibers
23
Q

Group 1a (type A alpha fiber) characteristics?

A

fibers from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles

24
Q

Group 1b (type A alpha fiber) characteristics?

A

fibers from golgi tendon organs

25
Q

Group II (type AB, gamma fiber) characteristics?

A

from cutaneous tactile receptors and flower spray

26
Q

Groups III (type A delta fiber) characteristics?

A

carry temperature, crude touch, and pricking pain

27
Q

Group IV (type C fiber) characteristics?

A

carry temperature, crude touch, itch, and pain.

28
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

increasing signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater number of fibers.

29
Q

What are some characteristics of spatial summation?

A
  • entire cluster of nerve endings from one pain fiber covers an area of skin referred to as the receptor field for that fiber.
  • number of endings is large in center of field but is reduced in periphery.
  • nerve endings from one pain fiber overlap those of other pain fibers.
30
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Increase signal strength by increasing frequency of nerve impulses in each fiber

31
Q

What is a neuronal pool?

A

neuronal area within the pool stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber.

32
Q

In the context of the neuronal pool, terminals for each input fiber lie where?

A

on the nearest neuron in its field.

33
Q

In the context of the neuronal pool, what is the discharge zone?

A

Includes all the output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber

34
Q

In the context of the neuronal pool, what is the facilitated/inhibition zone?

A

Neurons further from the discharge zone that are facilitated but not excited. May be inhibitory or excitatory depending on the input fiber.

35
Q

What are some examples of neuronal pools?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamic nuclei, cerebellum, mesencephalon, pons, medulla, gray matter of spinal cord.

36
Q

What is true of diverging neuronal pathways?

A

They may result in amplification of initial stage. They also may allow transmission of original signal to separate areas.

37
Q

What is true of converging neuronal pathways?

A

Multiple input fibers converge onto a single output neuron. Input fibers may be from a single source or from multiple separate sources.

38
Q

What happens in a reverberatory circuit?

A

Circuit once stimulated may discharge repetitively for a long time. Its caused by positive feedback within neuronal circuit.

39
Q

What are two types of senses?

A

Somatic and special

40
Q

What is the function of somatic senses and what are the types?

A

collect sensory information from all over the body; mechanoreceptive (include both tactile and position senses that are stimulated by mechanical displacement of some tissue of the body), thermoreceptive, and pain

41
Q

What do special senses refer to?

A

Vision, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium

42
Q

What are the three types of sensations?

A

Exteroreceptive, proprioceptive, and deep

43
Q

What are exteroreceptive sensations?

A

from the surface of the body

44
Q

What are proprioceptive sensations?

A

sensations that refer to the physical state of the body

  • position sensations
  • muscle and tendon sensations
  • pressure sensations
  • equilibrium
45
Q

What are deep sensations?

A

deep pressure, pain, and vibrations

46
Q

Large numbers of Merkel discs are connected to a single _________ fiber.

A

myelinated

Physiology II E1 (9 decks)

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