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Physiology II E1 > L8 T1 Auditory senses > Flashcards

L8 T1 Auditory senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones that make up the auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

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2
Q

What bone attaches to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

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3
Q

What bone is the intermediate between the stapes and malleus?

A

incus

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4
Q

What bone inserts onto the oval window?

A

stapes

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5
Q

What structure does the oval window open to?

A

scala vestibuli

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6
Q

What is the name for the membrane covered region at the end of the scala tympani?

A

round window

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7
Q

Where does the tensor tympani insert?

A

on the malleus and pulls handle of malleus inward

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8
Q

Where does the stapedius insert?

A

onto the stapes and pulls stapes outward

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9
Q

What are the two muscles that reflexively contract in response to loud sounds in order to dampen the vibrations of the auditory ossicles?

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius

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10
Q

What provides the impedance matching between the air and the fluid?

A

Tympanic membrane

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11
Q

What structure of the ear consists of three side by side coiled tubes?

A

cochlea

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12
Q

What are the major components of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli, media, and tympani. As well as Reissner’s membrane.

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13
Q

What does Reissner’s membrane separate?

A

Scala media from scala vestibuli

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14
Q

What is one function of Reissner’s membrane?

A

maintains a special fluid within the scala media.

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15
Q

The scala media and vestibuli are considered to be a single chamber as far as sound conduction is concerned. Why?

A

Because of the thinness of Reissner’s membrane.

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16
Q

What structure separates scala media from scala tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

17
Q

What structure consists of 20k-30k fibers that project from the modiolus of the cochlea in which fibers can vibrate, and in which distal ends of the fibers are not fixed but embedded?

A

Basilar membrane

18
Q

The length of basilar fibers _________ from the oval window to the apex of the cochlea.

A

increases

19
Q

The diameter of basilar fibers __________ from the oval window to the apex of the cochlea.

A

decreases

20
Q

What structure generates nerve impulses in response to vibration to basilar membrane?

A

Organ of Corti

21
Q

What are the sensory receptors of the organ of corti?

A

Hair cells

22
Q

Hair cells stimulate what that lead to the spiral ganglion of Corti?

A

nerve fibers

23
Q

Stereocilia from the hair cells touch or are embedded in the overlying tectorial membrane. The bending of the hairs in one direction depolarizes them, and bending of them in the other direction causes _________.

A

Hyperpolarization.

24
Q

Neurons in the ganglion of Corti send axons via what nerve into the upper level of the medulla?

A

Cochlear nerve/CN VIII

25
Q

The movement of basilar fibers causes movement of what?

A

reticular lamina

26
Q

Movement of the reticular lamina causes shearing forces on the hair cells against what?

A

Tectorial membrane. Thus, whenever basilar membrane moves, hair cells become excited

27
Q

When hair cells move….

A

they become excited.

28
Q

The ______ is filled with endolymph

A

scala media

29
Q

The __________ and ________ are filled with perilymph

A

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

30
Q

What type of fluid contains a high concentration of potassium and low concentration of sodium?

A

endolymph

31
Q

What type of fluid contains a low concentration of potassium and a high concentration of sodium?

A

perilymph

32
Q

The tops of hair cells project through what structure and are bathed by endolymph?

A

reticular lamina

33
Q

Decibel is on what kind of scale?

A

logarithmic

34
Q

The +80 mV difference between endolymph and perilymph is given what name?

A

endocochlear potential

35
Q

The lower bodies of hair cells are surrounded by what fluid?

A

perilymph

36
Q

What is the Place Principle?

A

nervous system detects sound frequencies by determining positions along the basilar membrane that are most stimulated.

37
Q

What are the components of the auditory nervous system pathway?

A
  • spiral organ of corti
  • dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
  • superior olivary nucleus
  • lateral lemniscus’ nucleus
  • medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
  • auditory cortex

Physiology II E1 (9 decks)

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