Lecture 7- Neoplasia II 9/6

Question 1

… is considered the hallmark of malignancy

Answer 1

metastasis (but not always seen)

Question 2

3 pathways of metastasis

Answer 2

seeding
lymphatic spread
hematogenous spread

Question 3

… % of newly diagnosed patients with solid tumors will already have obvious metastases and … % will have occult metastases

Answer 3

30%
20%

so 50% of newly diagnosed patients already have metastases

Question 4

In general, the …. and more… a tumor is, the more likely it is to metastasize

Answer 4

larger

anaplastic (less differentiated)

Question 5

lymphatic spread is often seen with… and hematogenous spread is often seen with..

Answer 5

carcinomas

sarcomas

Question 6

In the U.S. there were an estimated …. new cases of cancer in 2017 with … deaths due to cancer

Answer 6

1.69 million

600,000

Question 7

What percent of cancer risk is attributable to environmental sources?

Answer 7

65% (2/3)

suggested by geopraphic differences

Question 8

…% of all deaths of children under 15yo are due to cancer

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

Cancer occurs in 1 of every …. people

Answer 9

5

Question 10

What are the 3 broad categories of genetic predisposition to cancer?

Answer 10

1. inherited cancer syndromes
2. familial cancers
3. defective DNA repair

Question 11

Retinoblastoma, familial adenomatous polyposis, and multiple endocrine neoplasia are all examples of….

Answer 11

inherited cancer syndromes

Question 12

… are usually due to a single gene mutation and generally show autosomal dominant transmission

Answer 12

inherited cancer syndromes

Question 13

…. usually have an early age at onset and have tumors arising in 2 or more close relatives and have multiple or bilateral tumors

Answer 13

familial cancers

Question 14

Colon, breast, ovary, and brain malignancies have been reported to occur in …. patterns

Answer 14

familial

Question 15

Probably no more than…. % of cancers have an identifiable heritable basis

Answer 15

5-10%

Question 16

… is the basis of carcinogenesis. It is often due to chemicals, radiation, viruses, or inherited mutation which is central to all cancers

Answer 16

nonlethal genetic damage

Question 17

3 classes of normal regulatory genes that are often affected by nonlethal genetic damage

Answer 17

1. proto-oncogenes
2. Cancer suppresor genes
3. apoptosis genes

Question 18

carcinogenesis is a …. process bot at phenotypic and genetic levels

Answer 18

multi step

Question 19

approximately …% of all human tumors contain mutated…

Answer 19

RAS oncogene

Question 20

RAS oncogene is normally inactivated quickly but mutant RAS oncogene remains in its active form, stimulating …

Answer 20

constant cell proliferation