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NRSC 2249 Cog Neuro > Lecture 7 - Methods of Interference > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Methods of Interference Flashcards

1
Q

Interference

A

When you increase and decrease function in specific brain areas

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2
Q

What can we learn by increasing the function of a brain area

A

Which areas of the brain are sufficient in order for a task to be completed

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3
Q

What can we learn by decreasing the function of a brain area

A

If a brain area is necessary for a function to occur (do you need it)

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4
Q

4 methods of interference

A

Lesions
Electrical stimulation
Optogenetics
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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5
Q

Causes of lesions

A

Injury
Surgery (for epilepsy or psychiatric illness)
Stroke (no blood to brain)
Hemorrhage (too much blood to brain)
Tumor
Congenital
Degenerative disease

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6
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • Kid only said the word tan
  • Inferior frontal gyrus responsible for language production
  • Specific link between brain area and function
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7
Q

Phineas Gage

A
  • Damage included orbit of left eye, left frontal lobe of cortex, left and right orbitofrontal PFC
  • No initial deficits reported
  • Follow up showed drastic changes in personality
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8
Q

What happens when you knock out orbitofrontal cortex

A

Lose control of limbic system –> emotions out of check

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9
Q

What happens when you knock out lateral prefrontal cortex

A

Lose ability to make plans

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10
Q

Henry Molaison (HM)

A
  • Most famous neurological patient in history
  • Epilepsy
  • Doctors decided to remove medial temporal lobe from hippocampus
  • Developed severe anterograde amnesia
  • Could not make new memories
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11
Q

Which part of the amygdala takes in fast sensory info and has output to the sympathetic nervous system

A

Centra medial

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12
Q

What parts of the brain do motor learning

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

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13
Q

Why is damage to white matter a problem for interpreting lesion studies?

A

Damage to white matter damages all of the inputs and outputs

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14
Q

Group studies of lesion patients

A
  1. Group by behavioral symptom – can identify multiple regions that are implicated in a behavior (all patients who can’t talk, or who had cortical blindness)
  2. Group by lesion location – useful for testing predictions derived from functional imaging and focusing on the role of particular structures (all patients with amygdala damage– very hard in practice
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15
Q

Aphasia

A

Can’t talk

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16
Q

Insula

A

Should you approach this/is this salient to you
When knocked out in cigarette smokers they no longer found cigarettes appealing

17
Q

Lesions – increase activity? decrease activity? invasive?

A

Decreases activity
Invasive

18
Q

Electrical stimulation

A
  • Electrodes inserted into brain to cause or stop neuronal firing
  • Can be done during neurosurgery – awake mapping session while the person does tasks
    – See where a certain action is located in the brain (ex: where music is located in Dan’s brain)
  • Example: Penfield diagrams
19
Q

Electrical stimulation – increase activity? decrease activity? invasive?

A

Increases activity
Decreases activity
Invasive

20
Q

Optogenetics

A

Goal: to modulate the activity of targeted neurons using light
– Piece together a genetic construct – insert construct into virus – inject virus into animal brain, opsin is expressed in targeted neurons – insert optrode fibre optic cable plus electrode – laser light of specific wavelength opens ion channel in neurons (only express protein in this kind of cell – turn on or off cell based on the color of light)

21
Q

Optogenetics – increase activity? decrease activity? invasive?

A

Increases activity
Decreases activity
Invasive

22
Q

TMS setup

A

Use wand to generate a magnetic field – this acts on the neurons underneath it
– Cause neurons to fire by pushing positive charges into the brain (towards cell bodies)
– Prevent neurons from firing by pushing positive charges up (forcing neurons to act in a certain way)
– Excite or inhibit brain areas near the scalp

23
Q

TMS can be used to quiet what brain areas

A

Areas that are too active

24
Q

FDA approvals for TMS

A

Major depression
Migraine pain
OCD
Smoking cessation

25
Q

Pros of TMS

A
  • Temporary
  • Reasonably focal
  • Can be randomly assigned
26
Q

Cons of TMS

A
  • Some areas cannot be stimulated
  • Uncertainty over the size of each stimulation area
  • May be affecting an excitatory or inhibitory area
27
Q

TMS – increase activity? decrease activity? invasive?

A

Increases activity
Decreases activity

NRSC 2249 Cog Neuro (8 decks)

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