Lecture 3 - Cerebellum

Question 1

Modulatory systems

Answer 1

• Neurotransmitter synthesis occurs in a set of well-defined nuclei
• Projections are diffuse and do not follow a map

Question 2

Dopamine syntehsized where

Answer 2

Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 3

VTA axons go where

Answer 3

Cortex (decision making, reward, etc)

Question 4

Substantia nigra axons go where

Answer 4

Basal ganglia (motor control)

Question 5

Dopamine and Parkinson’s disease

Answer 5

In Parkinson’s substantia nigra neurons die – patients have diminished substantia nigra

Question 6

Example of a type of fragile neuron

Answer 6

Substantia nigra neurons

Question 7

Norepinephrine synthesized where

Answer 7

Locus coeruleus

Question 8

Norepinephrine is implicated in what

Answer 8

Arousal, stress, attention, memory

Question 9

Serotonin synthesized wherw

Answer 9

Raphe nuclei

Question 10

Serotonin is implicated in what

Answer 10

Mood, memory, and pain supression

Question 11

Serotonin drug target

Answer 11

Acted upon by many antidepressants and anxiolytics (like SSRIs)

Question 12

Cerebellum meaning

Answer 12

Little brain

Question 13

T/F: More than half the neurons in your brain are in the cerebellum

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Uniqueness of cerebellum

Answer 14

• Cytoarchitecture is the same all over (size/number of layers)
• Is conserved in different animals

Question 15

Cerebellum responsible for what

Answer 15

QUALITY CONTROL
(error processing or error related feedback)

Question 16

Process in cerebellum

Answer 16

1. Upper motor neuron (first neuron in corticospinal tract) in primary motor cortex synapses on lower motor neuron to implement motor command
2. Copy of motor command sent to cerebellum
3. Proprioceptive information sent to cerebellum
4. Cerebellum compares command to actual motion and then sends feedback to motor cortex (this was your plan and this was what happened … do they match… likely NO)

Question 17

Triangle shaped hole in sagittal view

Answer 17

Fourth ventricle

Question 18

White matter in cerebellum

Answer 18

Called arbor vitae
On the inside

Question 19

Gray matter in cerebellum

Answer 19

Called cerebellar cortex
On the outside

Question 20

ALWAYS gray matter is what

Answer 20

Cell bodies

Question 21

ALWAYS white matter is what

Answer 21

Axons

Question 22

3 anatomical subdivisions of the brain

Answer 22

Flocculonodular lobe
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

Question 23

Flocculonodular lobe

Answer 23

• Oldest evolutionarily
• Smallest
• aka vestibulocerebellum
• roles in balance and eye movement

Question 24

Flocculonodular lobe input

Answer 24

From vestibular nuclei

Question 25

Flocculonodular lobe output

Answer 25

To fastigial nuclei and vestibular nuclei, and then to lower motor neurons

Question 26

Anterior lobe

Answer 26

• aka spinocerebellum
• roles in movement coordination and motor execution (walking)

Question 27

Anterior lobe input

Answer 27

From propioception

Question 28

Anterior lobe output

Answer 28

To interposed nuclei, then to descending motor pathways

Question 29

Posterior lobe

Answer 29

• aka cerebrocerebellum or neocerebellum
• roles in social cognition (memory)
• biggest

Question 30

Posterior lobe input

Answer 30

From cortex

Question 31

Posterior lobe output

Answer 31

To dentate nucleus, then to thalamus, and cortex

Question 32

Which part of the cerebellum is most connected to cortex

Answer 32

Posterior lobe

Question 33

3 deep nuclei

Answer 33

Fastigal
Interposed
Dentate

Question 34

Fastigal nucleus

Answer 34

• Output of flocculonodular lobe

Question 35

Interposed nucelus

Answer 35

• Output of anterior lobe

Question 36

Dentate nucleus

Answer 36

• Output of posterior lobe
• Biggest

Question 37

New stuff goes where in the brain

Answer 37

Outside (laterally)

Question 38

How to identify dentate nucleus

Answer 38

• Bumps that look like teeth
• Bigger than the other nuclei

Question 39

3 peduncles (group of axons)

Answer 39

Superior
Middle
Inferior

Question 40

Superior peduncle

Answer 40

Mostly efferent
Output to cortex
Error signal/feedback
Think how can I adjust my movements to get there?

Question 41

Middle peduncle

Answer 41

Afferent
Input from cortex via pons
Copy of command
Think where do I want to be?

Question 42

Inferior peduncle

Answer 42

Efferent and afferent
Input about body position
Think where am I (proprioception)?

Question 43

3 layers of cerebellar cortex

Answer 43

• Molecular layer
• Purkinje layer
• Granular layer

Question 44

What layer is a single layer

Answer 44

Purkinje layer

Question 45

Molecular layer

Answer 45

Axons, interneurons, dendrites of purkinje layer

Question 46

Purkinje layer

Answer 46

Single row of cells

Question 47

Granular layer

Answer 47

Densely packed granule cells and interneurons

Question 48

Granule cells

Answer 48

Form parallel fibers

Question 49

Purkinje cells

Answer 49

Project to deep nuclei

Question 50

2 types of input

Answer 50

• Both inputs are excitatory
• Climbing fibers from inferior olive
• Mossy fibers from spinal cord, cortex via pons

Question 51

Where do mossy fibers send input to

Answer 51

Granule cells

Question 52

Cerebellar plasticity

Answer 52

When a climbing fiber synapse and parallel fiber synapse at the same time, the parallel fiber synapses are weakened

Question 53

Marr-Albus-Ito motor learning theory

Answer 53

Granule cells give continuous information about what the body is doing – when body makes a movement error, the climbing fiber fires which kicks off parallel fiber synapses

Question 54

If anything know this fr

Answer 54

Cerebellum gets a copy of your plan and gives fast feedback when you make a mistake