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NRSC 2249 Cog Neuro > Lecture 6- Cortex > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Purkinje cell sends output where

A

Cerebellar nuclei (including dentate nucleus)

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2
Q

Purkinje cell gets 2 inputs from where

A

Parallel fibers
– provide ongoing info about what the motor plan is (copy from cortex)
Mossy fibers
– Mossy fibers from spinal cord say that motor plan/sensory info is not what’s expected

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3
Q

What happens when climbing and parallel fibers fire at the same time

A

Parallel fiber gets kicked off –> purkinje cell fires –> deep nuclei are inhibited –> motor behavior is stopped

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4
Q

Where are climbing fires from

A

Inferior olive

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5
Q

Parallel fibers are what to the mossy fibers

A

Parallel fibers are axons of granule cells

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6
Q

Indirect vs direct circuits

A

Direct path GO – inhibit internal globus palladus (inhibitor) so thalamus can talk to cortex (inhibit the inhibitor to go)

Indirect path STOP – external globus palladus inhibits the internal globus palladus which then inhibits the thalamus so it will NOT talk to cortex

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7
Q

Motor cortex controls the muscles via what

A

Corticalspinal tract

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8
Q

Parkinson’s Disease pathway

A

No substantia nigra –> no dopamine input –> more STOP less go –> even more inhibition on thalamus and thalamus cannot talk to cortex –> less motor output (cannot initiate motor movements easily and motor activity that the person would not like to have…not enough control over indirect pathway and not enough activation of direct pathway)

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9
Q

How can Parkinson’s Disease be treated

A

By increasing dopamine with drugs or by electrically stimulating the basal ganglia

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10
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Akinesia = lack of movement and difficulty initiating movement Resting tremor
Muscle rigidity

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11
Q

Huntington’s Disease Pathway

A

Protein causes cell death starting in striatum –> not enough input into indirect pathway (STOP) –> too much direct pathway activation –> not enough thalamus regulation –> too much motor output

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11
Q

Early signs of Huntington’s

A

Loss of cognitive and emotional control

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12
Q

Late signs of Huntington’s

A

Chorea (jerky, involuntary, brief movements)

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13
Q

White and gray matter in cortex

A

White inside
Gray outside

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14
Q

Neocortex has how many layers

A

6

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15
Q

Outputs from layer 2

A

Go to ipsilateral cortex

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16
Q

Outputs from layer 3

A

Go to contralateral cortex

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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18
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side

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19
Q

Outputs from layer 5

A

Go to brainstem/spinal cord

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20
Q

Outputs from later 6

A

Go to thalamus

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21
Q

Inputs to layer 2-5

A

From cortex

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22
Q

Inputs to layer 4

A

From thalamus

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23
Q

Inputs to layer 2-6

A

From brainstem

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24
Q

Primary sensory cortex should have a big amount of what layer

A

Layer 4 (big input part of the brain so you need a big input layer)

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25
Q

Primary motor cortex should have a big amount of what layer

A

Layer 5 (big output where corticospinal tract starts)

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26
Q

Association cortex should have big amounts of what layers

A

2 and 3 (they just associate with other parts of cortex)

27
Q

4 lobes of brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
(Free pizza on tuesdays)

28
Q

Gyri

A

Hill

29
Q

Sulci

A

Valley

30
Q

Anterior to central sulcus (precentral gyrus)

A

Primary motor cortex

31
Q

Posterior to central sulcus (postcentral gyrus)

A

Primary sensory cortex

32
Q

3 divisions of frontal lobe

A

Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus

33
Q

3 divisions of temporal lobe

A

Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

34
Q

2 divisions of parietal lobe

A

Superior parietal lobe
Inferior parietal lobe

35
Q

Sylvian fissure

A

Break between frontal and temporal lobe

36
Q

Output of corticospinal tract starts where

A

Primary motor cortex

37
Q

Primary sensory cortex is where what occurs

A

Sensory info stops first (destination of dorsal columns)

38
Q

Connectivity based parcellation

A

Cell structure is difficult to assess in humans
Cortex can be divided based on connectivity with other areas
Same color = active in the same task

39
Q

Occipital lobe areas process what (purple)

A

Visual information

40
Q

Inferior temporal lobe areas do what (purple)

A

Determine what an object is

41
Q

Somatomotor network (blue)

A

Primary motor and primary sensory cortex work together

42
Q

Dorsal attention network (green)

A

Areas determine whether an object is moving, where it is in space, and guide eye movements to the object

43
Q

Ventral attention/salience network (light purple)

A

Areas important for monitoring the enviornment broadly and detecting unexpected stimuli, and for shifting attention

44
Q

Limbic network (yellow)

A

Orbitofrontal cortex regulates emotion
Entorhinal cortex regulates memory

45
Q

Control network (orange)

A

Areas important for complex cognition: making decisions, solving problems, holding information in mind, representing numbers

46
Q

Default mode network (pink)

A

Areas are task negative (they are suppressed while doing anything)
How we are most of the time
Responsible for internally directed thought: thinking about things not in the current environment, the past, the future, the minds of other people

47
Q

Where do association fibers communicate

A

Within a hemisphere

48
Q

Short range association fibers

A

U-fibers

49
Q

Long range association fibers (3) – superior longitudinal fasciculus

A

Connects all lobes

50
Q

Long range association fibers (3) – arcuate fasciculus

A

Connects language areas

51
Q

Long range association fibers (3) – uncinate

A

Connects limbic areas in temporal lobe to limbic areas in frontal lobe

52
Q

Where do commissural fibers communicate

A

Between hemispheres

53
Q

Example of commissural fiber

A

Corpus callosum

54
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Olfaction

55
Q

Posterior commissure

A

Pupillary light reflex

56
Q

Where do projection fibers communicate

A

With brainstem and body (includes ascending, sensory fibers)

57
Q

Why a decrease in gray matter volume over lifetime

A

Rapid growth in first 5 years of life then decrease as connections we don’t use are pruned away

58
Q

Why a decrease in white matter volume over lifetime

A

Rapid growth throughout life until you start aging effects and brain loss

59
Q

Connection between brain loss and growth in ventricles

A

As you see more brain loss you see more growth in ventricles

60
Q

Where is gray matter loss faster

A

In the back of the brain

61
Q

Idea behind development of cognitive vs sensory areas

A

Sensory areas (back of brain) develop first and cognitive areas develop last

62
Q

Cortical thinning is a marker of what

A

Maturation

63
Q

What drives white matter expansion and increased coherence

A

Myelination

64
Q

Sensory areas thin ____ and association areas thin _____

A

Sensory first, association last

65
Q

White matter consists of what fibers

A

Association fibers, commisural fibers, and projection fibers

NRSC 2249 Cog Neuro (8 decks)

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