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Biosci 102 Plant structure and function > Lecture 7: Famine and Slavery; structures and functions of stems > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Famine and Slavery; structures and functions of stems Flashcards

1
Q

What type of division do lateral roots do, and from where?

A

from the percycle; perclinal division occurs; that is division that is parallel to the meristem

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2
Q

Where are all the tissues of stems derived from?

A

the shoot apical meristem

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3
Q

What does the shoot apical meristem look like?

A
  • a dome or cone at top of plant

- region of rapidly dividing cells

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4
Q

true or false; stems do have zones?

A

false, they do not

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5
Q

Are the cells further from the peripheral zone more mature?

A

yes;

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6
Q

Where does the main cell division occur?

A

the peripheral zone

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7
Q

L1 how doe sit divide?

A

anticlinal manner

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8
Q

How does L2 divide?

A

either anti or periclinal

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9
Q

Where do leaves begin?

A

leaf buttresses

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10
Q

Where is vasculature formed?

A

from the procambium

- this differentiated as the lead matures

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11
Q

What are the 3 basic types of stem structure

A

once differentiated

  1. ) a continuous cylinder eg. magnolia
  2. ) a discontinuous cylinder (vascular bundles) eg. bean
  3. ) in bundles scattered throughout ground tissue (monocots) eg. maize
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12
Q

What has continuous cylinders?

A

magnolids, conifers, eudicots

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13
Q

What do monocots stem structure look like?

A

vascular bundles (scattered)

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14
Q

true or false; gas exchange can occur in stems

A

true

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15
Q

What are stems made up of?

A

Cortex (outer region)
Pith (inner region)
- contain parenchyma, usually with chloroplasts
- intercellular air spaces
-periphery often contains collenchyma
- may contain starch, crystals, glands, laticifers (latex exuding),
- sclereids may be present

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16
Q

What do laticifers produce?

A
  • latex; an emulsion that hardens in air
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17
Q

What are the functions of stems (6)?

A
  1. ) production and elevation
  2. ) Long- distance transport
  3. ) storage
  4. ) perennating organs
  5. ) Dispersion
  6. ) symbiosis
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18
Q

Describe production and elevation

A
  • applies to leaves, flowers and fruit
  • for light capture
  • advertising to insects and birds
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19
Q

Describe long distance transport

A
  • long distance transport of water, minerals, photosynthates, nutrients, signals
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20
Q

What happens when a caterpillar wounds a plant( a type of plant?)

A

wounding sends signals to the plant via signal transduction pathway (as the saliva of the caterpillar stimulates it); the phloem will release volatile attractants to the atmosphere which will signal to a parasitoid wasp to lay their eggs in the caterpillar.

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21
Q

What does it mean by stem storage

A
  • short term (annuals)

- long term (perennials)

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22
Q

What does it mean by perennating organs

A
  • eg. rhizome, tubers, corms, bulbs

- are usually modified vegetative parts of the body (can survive for more than one year)

23
Q

what does it mean by dispersion function

A

eg. water plants, stems break apart, carried by water currents

24
Q

What does it mean by symbiosis

A

eg. cow wheat and ants
- seeds develop to resemble ants’ cocoons; carried to ants nest
- sweet liquid is released from the underside of the leaf; and ants feed

25
Q

What are branches

A
  • formed from outgrowth of axillary buds
  • outgrowth of axillary buds are controlled by shoot apical meristem
  • topping of the shoot releases bud from apical dominance
26
Q

true or false; branches can form complex canopies

A

true

  • short shoots
  • long shoots
  • vertical shoots
  • horizontal shoots
27
Q

What is sugar cane

A
  • perennial grass
  • thrives in moist, lowland tropics
  • produces thick, stemmed canes
28
Q

When did sugar can spread, and where to?

A

400-100 BC

- SE Asia, China, India

29
Q

Why is sugar cane important?

A
  • important source of sugar

- 1.2 Billion tonnes produced annually (Cuba, USA, Australia, India)

30
Q

How much sucrose makes up the weight of sugarcane?

A

12- 15%

31
Q

What is the correlation between slavery and sugarcane?

A
  • it is the sugarcane cultivation that is responsible for slavery in the Americas
32
Q

Who introduced sugarcane to Europe and when?

A

Columbus (1493)

33
Q

Why is sugarcane favored?

A

it is an expensive commodity, favored as substitute for honey in Europe

34
Q

What is the sugar can triangle?

A
  • 17th century
  • salt, cloths, firearms were traded for slaves in West Africa
  • Slaves were sold to provide labour for the cane fields
  • Britain- West Africa- West Indies- Britain
35
Q

What was raw sugar/molasses shipped to England for?

A

to make processed sugar and rum

36
Q

true or false; slaves died on the ships and the cane fields?

A

true

- populations had to be replenished constantly

37
Q

How many slaves were shipped to work in the cane fields

A

10- 20 million

38
Q

What made up the sugar cane triangle of the 18th century?

A
  • West Africa - West Indies - Connecticut
39
Q

When did the British impose the sugar tax on Americans and why?

A

1764

- they smuggled sugar into Connecticut

40
Q

Who led the burning of the Gaspee

A

John Brown

41
Q

True or false; the burning of the Gaspee pre-dated the Boston tea Part as action leading to American revolution

A

true

42
Q

When did the Gaspee burn?

A

June 9 1772

43
Q

What is the significance of the potato?

A

it is major staple food

44
Q

Where was the potato first cultivated?

A

S. America 7000 years ago

45
Q

When was the potato introduced to Europe?

A

16th century

46
Q

Where is the potato mostly cultivated?

A
  • cultivated throughout temperate regions and upland tropics
47
Q

What was the significance of the potato to the Irish?

A
  • Irelands’ soil and climate were ideal for growing potatoes
  • could be hidden from British tax collectors
  • staple diet until the 19th century
48
Q

Why did the potato Blight come about?

A

due to monoculture

49
Q

when was the potato blight?

A

1843

- phytophthora infestans

50
Q

Within 5 years of the potato blight how many people have perished in Ireland?

A

5 million

51
Q

How many people emigrated to the USA because of the potato blight?

A

1.5 million

52
Q

How much % did the Irish population decline due to the potato blight of 1843?

A

30%

53
Q

Which countries are now the major potato producers?

A

almost 1/3 of potatoes is harvested in China and India

Biosci 102 Plant structure and function (9 decks)

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