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Biosci 102 Plant structure and function > Lecture 4: Vascular system, to fetch a pail of water > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Vascular system, to fetch a pail of water Flashcards

1
Q

Are parenchyma cells alive at maturity?

A

yes

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2
Q

Are collenchyma cells alive at maturity?

A

yes

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3
Q

Are scelernchyma cells alive at maturity?

A

No

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4
Q

What are the functions of parenchyma

A

photosynthesis
regeneration
secretion
storage

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5
Q

What is the functions of collenchyma

A

supports the plants growing organs; as it is able to develop thick flexible walls

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6
Q

What is the function of sclerenchyma?

A

strengthens and supports plant organs that are no longer growing

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7
Q

What does it mean by vascular system?

A

transports nutrients throughout a plant

- such transport may occur over long distances more than 100m in the tallest plants

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8
Q

What are the properties of water

A

surface tension
adhesion
cohesion

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9
Q

What are the three stages of water transport in a tree

A
  1. ) water uptake of soil (roots)
  2. ) cohesion and adhesion in the xylem (trunk)
  3. ) transpiration (leaves)
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10
Q

How is the vascular system formed?

A

from the meristematic cells in young shoots and roots

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11
Q

What must divide to make xylem and phloem?

A

procambium

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12
Q

Where is the phloem located? outside or inside?

A

outside

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13
Q

Where is the xylem located? outside or inside

A

inside

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14
Q

Where does wood come from? xylem or phloem

A

xylem

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15
Q

what does the vascular system supply to the plant

A

water
minerals
sugars

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16
Q

What hormones are required for the development of xylem and phloem from the procambium

A

auxin and cytokinin

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17
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A 
conducts..
water and minerals absorbed from the roots upwards 
- principal water conducting tissue
- also conducts minerals
- contains cells that store food
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18
Q

What kind of tissue is the xylem (simple/complex?)

A

complex

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19
Q

true or false; the xylem makes continuous pipes?

A

true

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20
Q

What are the organisation types of xylem?

A

vascular bundles

vascular cylinders

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21
Q

Which is made first the metaxylem or the protoxylem?

A

protoxylem

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22
Q

true or false; the protophloem is crushed against the side of the epidermis of the plant because the xylem continues to increase in girth

A

true

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23
Q

What are the 3 cell types that the xylem is composed of?

A

tracheary elements
fibers
parenchyma

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24
Q

What do the tracheary elements do?

A

water conduction

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25
Q

What do fibers of the xylem do?

A

storage and support

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26
Q

What do the parenchyma of the xylem do?

A

storage

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27
Q

What are the types of tracheary elements?

A

tracheids

vessels

28
Q

What are the characteristics of tracheary elements?

A

dead at maturity
long, narrow cells
have lignified secondary cell walls
confer strength and rigidity

29
Q

What is the first type of tracheary elements formed?

A

protoxylem (rings/ annular thickenings)

30
Q

What is the second type of tracheary elements formed?

A

metaxylem (spiral or reticulate thickenings)

31
Q

Describe tracheids (all vascular plants)

A

pits in side walls
sealed at ends
water passes across cell sides

32
Q

What are vessels (angiosperms)

A

shorter than tracheids
perforations at end of walls as well as pits at sides
PERFORATIONS HAVE NO SECONDARY OR PRIMARY CELL WALL
vessel may comprise several cells end on end

water moves freely in continuous tubes
pits are also present

33
Q

Why do vessels need perforations?

A

during hot/windy weather; rapid transpiration

34
Q

What are the downsides of using vessels to conduct water?

A
  • susceptible to embolisms (pockets of air & water vapour)

- embolisms break the cohesion of water molecules (cavitation)

35
Q

What are the effects of embolism?

A

break the continuity of water in xylem

  • perforation contain air bubbles
  • and water moves sideways through pits and continues upwards
36
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

37
Q

how is the water transported up a plant? What physical changes must occur?

A
  • root pressure (push)

- transpiration stream (pull)

38
Q

How is transpiration increased?

A

eg. at noon the rate of transpiration increases as it is hotter

39
Q

What happens at night?

A
  • at night, transpiration is low; root cells continue to pump mineral ions into xylem of the vascular cylinder; lowering the water potential
40
Q

Where does water flow in?

A

flow in from the root cortex

- generating root pressure

41
Q

What does root pressure sometimes result in?

A

guttation

42
Q

What is guttation

A

the exudation of water droplets on tips of grass blades or the lead margins of some small, herbaceous eudicots

43
Q

What are the functions of the phloem?

A
  • principal food conducting tissue; many succrose; other sugars eg. mannitol, sorbitol; amino acids, micronutrients, lipids
  • major signaling superhighway (hormones,protein, RNA)
  • transport up to 1m/hr in either direction
  • osmotic pressure drives flow
  • links all other cells
44
Q

How does the phloem conduct the assimilate (food)

A

source to sink

45
Q

What is a sugar source?

A
  • is a plant organ that is a NET PRODUCER of sugar, such as mature leaves
46
Q

What is a sugar sink?

A
  • is an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as tuber or bulbs, fruits, roots and shoots
47
Q

What is an assimilate?

A

food

- must be transported from mature leaves to growing points( roots, shoots, fruits)

48
Q

How is the plant body regulated?

A

regulation signals are transported via the growing points

49
Q

What are the 3 cells of the phloem

A

sieve elements
sclerenchyma
parenchyma

50
Q

What is the main function of the sieve elements of the phloem?

A

food conduction

51
Q

What is the main function of the sclerenchyma of the phloem

A

support

52
Q

What is the main functionof the parenchyma of the phloem?

A

off loading, storage

53
Q

What are sieve elements

A
  • highly specialized elongated cells
  • living cells with no nucleus at maturity
  • primary cell wall
  • associated with companion cells and albuminous cells (specialized parenchyma cells)
54
Q

What are the two types of sieve elements?

A

sieve cells

sieve tube members

55
Q

What is the sieve cell?

A
  • in gymnosperms
  • narrow pores on all walls
  • allow transport ACROSS CELLS
  • no sieve plates
56
Q

What is the pair of the sieve cell?

A

albuminous cell

57
Q

What is the albuminous cell?

A
  • parenchyma cell
  • associated with the sieve cells
  • similar function to companion cells
  • don’t share precursor with sieve cell
  • AID LOADING ON/OFF
58
Q

What is a sieve tube member?

A
  • in angioserms
  • have narrow pores plus sieve plates
  • more efficient transport
59
Q

What is the pair of sieve tube members?

A

companion cells

60
Q

What are companion cells?

A
  • parenchyma cell
  • associated with sieve tube members
  • share precursor cell with sieve tube member
  • aid loading and off loading
61
Q

what happens when cells mature; damaged; what are the pores blocked by?

A

(P-protein) slime

callose (beta 1-4 glucan)

62
Q

How do aphids retrieve phloem from a tree?

A

turgor pressure forces sieve tube sap through aphid (honeydew is exuded)

63
Q

true or false; do ants farm aphids so that they can harvest honeydew from them?

A

true

64
Q

How are aphids examined in the lab

A

stylet is severed
anesthetize aphid
harvest phloem in microlitres

65
Q

Why are aphids examined in the lab?

A

so that signaling molecules in the phloem can be identified (RNA, protein, hormones, viruses)

Biosci 102 Plant structure and function (9 decks)

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