Lecture 1: Body Parts of Plants

Question 1

true or false; the organization of cells, tissues, and organs in plants determine the texture, and digestibility of the parts we eat

Answer 1

true

Question 2

Define development

Answer 2

the sum of events that progressively elaborate the body of an organism

• occurs in response to the instructions contained in the genetic information that an organism inherits from its parents
• the sum of total events that progressively forms an organisms body

Question 3

define cell

Answer 3

fundamental autonomous unit of a plant (study of plant cells: anatomy)

Question 4

define tissue

Answer 4

group of cells of similar type working in a co-ordinated manner towards a common function

Question 5

What are the two types of tissues?

Answer 5

complex and simple

Question 6

what is a complex tissue

Answer 6

made up of 2 or more types of cells

Question 7

What is a simple tissue

Answer 7

made up of one cell

Question 8

give an example of a complex tissue

Answer 8

xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm

Question 9

give an example of a simple tissue

Answer 9

parenchyma, scelerenchyma, collenchyma

Question 10

what do you call the study of plant tissues

Answer 10

histology

Question 11

what do you call the study of plant cells

Answer 11

anatomy

Question 12

what do you call the study of plant organs

Answer 12

morphology

Question 13

define organ

Answer 13

a functional unit composed of different tissues

Question 14

What are the stages of development

Answer 14

growth
differentiation
morphology

Question 15

define meristem

Answer 15

embryonic regions or populations of cells that retain the potential to divide long after embryogenesisis over

Question 16

Define apical meristem

Answer 16

are found at the tips of all roots and stems are involved primarily with extension of the plant body

Question 17

Define growth

Answer 17

irreversible increase in size (most growth is brought about by cell enlargement)

• sometimes can just increase the cell number bu t not the volume
• cell division
• cell elongation

Question 18

define differentiation

Answer 18

specialization of cells and tissues for particular functions

• depends on the control of gene expression
• occurs while cell is still constantly enlarging

Question 19

define morphogenesis

Answer 19

production of new organs; the acquisition of a particular shape or form

Question 20

What are the 6 types of cells

Answer 20

epidermal
parenchyma
collenchyma
scelerenchyma
seive tube elements
tube elements

Question 21

true or false; the final type of cell is determined by its final position in the developing organ

Answer 21

true

Question 22

What does the apical meristem give rise to ?

Answer 22

to the primary meristems; which gives rise to the tissues and tissue systems of the primary body

Question 23

What does primary growth mean?

Answer 23

involves the extension of the plant body and formation of the primary tissues

Question 24

What are the 3 types of tissues

Answer 24

dermal
ground
vascular

Question 25

Define dermal

Answer 25

peripheral covering on all parts of the plant

Question 26

# define ground - parenchyma - collenchyma - scelerenchyma

Answer 26

the body of a plant - pith: centre of stem or root - cortex: outer layers of stem or root - mesophyll: leaf tissue

Question 27

What is the most common ground tissue?

Answer 27

parenchyma

Question 28

what ground tissue is found on leaves

Answer 28

mesophyll

Question 29

what ground tissue is found on the stems

Answer 29

pith and cortex

Question 30

what ground tissue are found on roots

Answer 30

cortex

Question 31

true or false; the epidermis represents the dermal tissue

Answer 31

true; epidermis is a single tissue; protective covering of a primary plant body

Question 32

define vascular tissue

Answer 32

conducting tissue - xylem: water, minerals - phloem: sugars and signaling molecules

Question 33

When are the 3 tissue systems initiated

Answer 33

during development of embryo

Question 34

what are the parts of the shoot system (6)

Answer 34

``` terminal bud stem node internode axillary bud leaf ```

Question 35

define terminal bud

Answer 35

a.k.a apical bud | shoot apical meristem

Question 36

define stem

Answer 36

the central axis, which bears buds, leaves and flowers composed of repeating modules (node+internode+leaf+axillary bud)

Question 37

define node

Answer 37

point of attachment of leaf

Question 38

define internode

Answer 38

portion of stem between nodes

Question 39

define axillary bud

Answer 39

``` condensed shoot(s) in joint between leaf and stem - may grow out into side shoots (lateral shoot) ```

Question 40

define leaf

Answer 40

chief photosynthetic organs; comprising of stipules (protect young leaves), petiole (leaf stalk), lamina (leaf blade; light harvesting unit)

Question 41

What is the root system comprised of

Answer 41

tap root adventitious roots fibrous roots

Question 42

define tap root

Answer 42

primary root formed from the radicle. Usually branches to form lateral roots - one main vertical root - generally penetrate deeply; well adapted to deep soils

Question 43

define adventitious roots

Answer 43

arise from an unusual position eg. rooted cuttings | each root forms its own lateral root

Question 44

define fibrous root

Answer 44

mat of strong, thin, adventitious roots from the base of monocot stems - does not penetrate deeply - best adapted to shallow soils or regions where rain fall is light

Question 45

What are root hairs

Answer 45

main function is absorption | - root hairs: increase surface area of root; then, tubular extensions of root epidermal cell

Question 46

What are the primary meristems

Answer 46

procambium -- xylem, phloem protoderm ---- epidermis ground meristem --- ground tissues

Question 47

What does the vascular cambium develop into

Answer 47

wood

Question 48

what does the cork cambium develop into

Answer 48

bark

Question 49

What are the structural modifications of stems

Answer 49

``` tendrils stolons rhizome bulb tuber corm ```

Question 50

What is a tendril

Answer 50

stem or leaf

Question 51

what is a stolon

Answer 51

horizontal stem of leaf modified as a thin structure coiling on soil surface

Question 52

what is a rhizome

Answer 52

horizontal underground stem eg. ginger

Question 53

what is tuber

Answer 53

swollen tip of underground stem functions as a storage organ eg. jerusalem artichoke, potato

Question 54

what is a bulb

Answer 54

short underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves eg. onions

Question 55

what is corm

Answer 55

short, vertical undeground stem eg. gladiolus

Question 56

what is a cladode

Answer 56

flattened shoot which resembles and functions like a leaf eg. cactus

Question 57

what does celery represent

Answer 57

expanded petiole

Question 58

what does cabbage represent

Answer 58

unexpanded shoot; leaves are tightly folded around shoot apex

Question 59

what does beet represent

Answer 59

swollen storage root

Question 60

what does potato represent

Answer 60

tuber

Question 61

what does asparagus represent

Answer 61

young unexpanded shoots

Question 62

what does onions represent

Answer 62

bulbs

Question 63

what does rhubarb represent

Answer 63

petiole

Question 64

what does pumpkin represent

Answer 64

fruit

Question 65

what does broccoli represent

Answer 65

inflorescence

Question 66

what does brussel sprouts represent

Answer 66

axillary buds

Question 67

What are the organs

Answer 67

shoot sytem | root system

Question 68

what are the meristems

Answer 68

``` shoot apical meristem root apical meristem protoderm ground meristem procambium cork cambium vascular cambium ```