Lecture 1: Body Parts of Plants Flashcards
true or false; the organization of cells, tissues, and organs in plants determine the texture, and digestibility of the parts we eat
true
Define development
the sum of events that progressively elaborate the body of an organism
- occurs in response to the instructions contained in the genetic information that an organism inherits from its parents
- the sum of total events that progressively forms an organisms body
define cell
fundamental autonomous unit of a plant (study of plant cells: anatomy)
define tissue
group of cells of similar type working in a co-ordinated manner towards a common function
What are the two types of tissues?
complex and simple
what is a complex tissue
made up of 2 or more types of cells
What is a simple tissue
made up of one cell
give an example of a complex tissue
xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm
give an example of a simple tissue
parenchyma, scelerenchyma, collenchyma
what do you call the study of plant tissues
histology
what do you call the study of plant cells
anatomy
what do you call the study of plant organs
morphology
define organ
a functional unit composed of different tissues
What are the stages of development
growth
differentiation
morphology
define meristem
embryonic regions or populations of cells that retain the potential to divide long after embryogenesisis over
Define apical meristem
are found at the tips of all roots and stems are involved primarily with extension of the plant body
Define growth
irreversible increase in size (most growth is brought about by cell enlargement)
- sometimes can just increase the cell number bu t not the volume
- cell division
- cell elongation
define differentiation
specialization of cells and tissues for particular functions
- depends on the control of gene expression
- occurs while cell is still constantly enlarging
define morphogenesis
production of new organs; the acquisition of a particular shape or form
What are the 6 types of cells
epidermal parenchyma collenchyma scelerenchyma seive tube elements tube elements
true or false; the final type of cell is determined by its final position in the developing organ
true
What does the apical meristem give rise to ?
to the primary meristems; which gives rise to the tissues and tissue systems of the primary body
What does primary growth mean?
involves the extension of the plant body and formation of the primary tissues
What are the 3 types of tissues
dermal
ground
vascular
Define dermal
peripheral covering on all parts of the plant
define ground
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- scelerenchyma
the body of a plant
- pith: centre of stem or root
- cortex: outer layers of stem or root
- mesophyll: leaf tissue
What is the most common ground tissue?
parenchyma
what ground tissue is found on leaves
mesophyll
what ground tissue is found on the stems
pith and cortex
what ground tissue are found on roots
cortex
true or false; the epidermis represents the dermal tissue
true; epidermis is a single tissue; protective covering of a primary plant body
define vascular tissue
conducting tissue
- xylem: water, minerals
- phloem: sugars and signaling molecules
When are the 3 tissue systems initiated
during development of embryo
what are the parts of the shoot system (6)
terminal bud stem node internode axillary bud leaf
define terminal bud
a.k.a apical bud
shoot apical meristem
define stem
the central axis, which bears buds, leaves and flowers composed of repeating modules
(node+internode+leaf+axillary bud)
define node
point of attachment of leaf
define internode
portion of stem between nodes
define axillary bud
condensed shoot(s) in joint between leaf and stem - may grow out into side shoots (lateral shoot)
define leaf
chief photosynthetic organs; comprising of stipules (protect young leaves), petiole (leaf stalk), lamina (leaf blade; light harvesting unit)
What is the root system comprised of
tap root
adventitious roots
fibrous roots
define tap root
primary root formed from the radicle. Usually branches to form lateral roots
- one main vertical root
- generally penetrate deeply; well adapted to deep soils
define adventitious roots
arise from an unusual position eg. rooted cuttings
each root forms its own lateral root
define fibrous root
mat of strong, thin, adventitious roots from the base of monocot stems
- does not penetrate deeply
- best adapted to shallow soils or regions where rain fall is light
What are root hairs
main function is absorption
- root hairs: increase surface area of root; then, tubular extensions of root epidermal cell
What are the primary meristems
procambium – xylem, phloem
protoderm —- epidermis
ground meristem — ground tissues
What does the vascular cambium develop into
wood
what does the cork cambium develop into
bark
What are the structural modifications of stems
tendrils stolons rhizome bulb tuber corm
What is a tendril
stem or leaf
what is a stolon
horizontal stem of leaf modified as a thin structure coiling on soil surface
what is a rhizome
horizontal underground stem eg. ginger
what is tuber
swollen tip
of underground stem
functions as a storage organ eg. jerusalem artichoke, potato
what is a bulb
short underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves eg. onions
what is corm
short, vertical undeground stem eg. gladiolus
what is a cladode
flattened shoot which resembles and functions like a leaf eg. cactus
what does celery represent
expanded petiole
what does cabbage represent
unexpanded shoot; leaves are tightly folded around shoot apex
what does beet represent
swollen storage root
what does potato represent
tuber
what does asparagus represent
young unexpanded shoots
what does onions represent
bulbs
what does rhubarb represent
petiole
what does pumpkin represent
fruit
what does broccoli represent
inflorescence
what does brussel sprouts represent
axillary buds
What are the organs
shoot sytem
root system
what are the meristems
shoot apical meristem root apical meristem protoderm ground meristem procambium cork cambium vascular cambium
