Lecture 7- Equine Preventative Medicine Flashcards
What is a natural diet for horse
Grass/forage, salt and water
Dietary needs are inflicted by
Geographic location, stabling environment, athletic discipline
Horses consume ___% of body weight in feed per day
1.5-3%
Example: 1000lb horse will eat ___lb of feed per day
15-30
Horses will consume ___% of body weight in water per day
5%
Example: 1000lb horse will drink ___ gallons daily
7
What are some common equine diseases caused or controlled by diet
Endocrinopathic laminitis, obesity/insulin resistance, white muscle disease, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, polysaccharide storage myelopathy, developmental orthopedic disease
What type of teeth do horses have
Hypsodont
How many teeth does an adult horse have
36-44
Incisors number on right upper
101-103
Canine number on upper right
104
Wolf teeth number on upper right
105
Premolars number on upper right
106-108
Molar numbers on upper right
109-111
Molars are lower right
409-411
Premolars number on lower right
406-408
Wolf teeth number on lower right
405
Canine number on lower right
404
Incisor numbers on lower right
401-403
How often should routine dentals be done
Every 6-12 months
How much do teeth erupt per year
4mm
Horses anisognathic jaw (grinding) predisposes them to what
Sharp points which can cause oral ulcers
Parasite control: clients have uncontrolled access to
Anthelmintics which can lead to resistance
What things must be taken into consideration when prescribing dewormers
Age, immune status, geography, climate, population density
A one size fits all is ineffective
What common parasite do foals get and then get can small intestinal impactions
Ascarids (parascaris equorum)
Where can Ascarids be found
Dirt in the environment
When should you start deworming foals to prevent Ascarid impactions
6-8 weeks
Ascarids have widespread resistance to what type of dewormer
Macrocyclic lactones
What are common parasites in adults
Large and small strongyles, tapeworms, bots, pinworms
Which parasite causes thromboembolic colic
Large strongyles
What is an effective treatment of large strongyles
Invermectin once yearly absolishes disease entirely
What parasite causes diarrhea, weight loss, has resistance to benzimidazole
Small strongyles
Which parasite must we measure to determine shedding status
Small strongyles
Encysted small strongyles are only removed with ___ or __
Moxidectin or power pack
Tapeworms are commonly found in what type of hay
Baled hay
What parasite causes typhilitis and doesn’t show up in fecal
Tapeworms (anophlocephala perfoliata)
Which parasite lays eggs on hair of limbs and doesn’t show up in fecal
Bots (gasterophilius spp)
Which parasite comes from environmental contamination, causes excoriation of tail and anus, and doesn’t show up on fecal
Pinworms (oxyuris equi)
Fecal counts should be run at least every ___
3-4 months past deworming
FEC for low shedder
0-200epg
What is the deworming and FEC protocol for low shedders
Avermectin twice yearly, praziquantel once yearly, larvicidal once yearly
Check FEC twice a year just before deworming
What is FEC in moderate shedder
200-500epg
What is deworming and FEC protocol for a moderate shedder
Avermectin twice yearly, praziquantel once yearly, larvicidal once yearly
Deworm an additional 1-2 times with another class of dewormer
Check FEC twice a year
What is FEC for high shedder
> 500epg
What is deworming and FEC protocol for high shedder
Avermectin twice yearly, praziquantel once yearly, larvicidal once yearly, deworm an additional 4 times with other classes of dewormer, check FEC twice a year
What formula can be used to determine resistance
Fecal egg count reduction test
%FECR= (FECpre-FECpost)/(FECpre) x 100%
FECR test only works on which parasites
Ascarids and strongyles- others don’t appear in fecals
What do benzimidazoles act on
Fumate reductase to interfere with carbohydrate metabolism
What are two examples of benzimadazoles
Fenbendazole and oxibendazole
What is dosing for fenbendazole
5mg/kg once
10mg/kg q24 x 5days (larvicidal)
What category of dewormers are safeguard and panacur
Benzimidazoles—> fenbendazole
What parasite is resistant to benzimidazoles
Cyathostome
Benzimidazoles is the drug of choice in ___ infections in foals
Ascarid
What is the mechanism of action for macrocyclic lactones
Increase cell permeability to Cl- leading to flaccid paralysis and death
What are some examples of macrocyclic lactone dewormers
Avermectin
- ivermectin
- moxidectin (quest)
What parasite is resistant to macrocyclic lactones
Ascarid
What does macrocyclic lactone dewormers reliably treat
Strongyles
What is the mechanism of action for tetrahydropyrimidines
Function as a cholinergic agonist
What is an example of tetrhydropyrimidines
Pyrantel
Which parasites are resistant to tetrahydropyrimidines
Ascarids and cyathostomes
Which parasites are tetrahydropyrimidines effective against
Adult strongyles and tapeworms at double dose
What is the mechanism of action of praziquantel
Induces spastic paralysis and disrupts tegument
What does praziquantel treat
Tapeworms
What are some examples of praziquantel
Equimax, quest plus, zimecterin gold
Vaccine effectiveness is based on
Vaccine construct, storage and disease incubation period
____ immunity is key
Herd
What is the criteria for identifying core vaccines
Public health risk/legally mandated
Endemic disease
Severe disease
Favorable risk/beenfit
When do foals receive first vaccination
3-6 months
What are the core vaccinations for horses
Rabies, tetanus, viral encephalitides: eastern, west ear, Venezuelan, west nile
How often are horses vaccinated for rabies
Annually
How often are horses vaccinated for tetanus
Yearly after initial series
How often are hoses vaccinated for eastern and western encephalitis
Initial dose, booster 3-4 weeks later and then annually 1 month prior to mosquito season
Endemic areas perhaps twice yearly
How often should horses be vaccinated for West Nile virus
Initial vaccine, booster 3-4 weeks later and then vaccinated annually before mosquito season
Endemic areas, twice yearly
What are 3 non-core vaccines but are considered at risk
Influenza, equine herpes virus types 1 and 4, streptococcus equi (strangles)
How often should horses be vaccinated for influenza
2-3 booster series, 3-4 weeks apart and then yearly
Vaccines to protect against equine herpesviruses are licensed for protection against what
Respiratory disease/abortion
Viral shedding of equine herpesvirus has been reduced in horses with high _____ and who have been vaccinated with ____
High circulating antibody titers of VN antibody and vaccinated with rhino immune MLV vaccine
None of the available equine herpes vaccines claim to prevent ____
Neurologic form of EHV-1 infection
How often should horses be vaccinated against strangles via intranasally route
2 administrations intranasally 2 weeks apart then annually
How often should horses be vaccinated against strangles with the intramuscular version
Requires series of 3-4 injections at 3 week interval then annually
What is the disease vector for strangles
Inapparent carries (guttural pouch chondroids)
What is the disease vector for equine encephalitides
Mosquitoes
