Lecture 7-end of exam 2 Flashcards
Transduction
Process where sensation becomes perception
Just noticeable difference
the change in a stimulus required for you to perceive a change
Weber’s law
just noticeable difference is constant proportional to the size of the stimulus
absolute threshold
the minimum to say a stimulus exists
signal detection theory
measure ability to respond to a stimulus
signal detection theory involves
intensity, pick it out of background, comfort in saying yes
bottom up processing
build perception using sensory information
top down processing
fit information with out beliefs
perceptual set
elements that trigger expectations, top down processing
contextual effect
context you’re in affects perception
constancy
when senses detect change, perception stays the same
light vs color
light: actual stimulus
color: perceived
cornea
external covering of the eye
pupil
hole that lets light through
iris
colored part around pupil, muscle that changes size of pupil
lens
clear segment of eye that light passes through
accommodation
eye changes shape of lens to better focus light information
retina
back of eye, receptor neurons for vision
fovea
area of max visual acuity
rods
photoreceptor for low light and shades of grey
cones
photoreceptor for vision and sharp detail
bipolar and ganglion cells
send visual information to the brain
visual pathway
photoreceptor > bipolar > ganglion > optic nerve
blindspot
no photorecptors, optic nerve connects to eye
sclera
white part, gaze as a way of socializing
trichromatic
three different types of cones, s short, m medium, h long
tetrachromatic
respond more to yellow section of light
herrings opponent process
cones work in opposition, when one is activated others are suppressed
full visual pathway
retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, primary visual cortex
vision cells
simple - orientation and edges
complex - movement
hypercomplex - combining multiple aspects
ventral stream
from occipital to temporal, help recognize visual stimulus
dorsal stream
occipital to parietal, help identify location and movement
apparent motion
if you project still images quickly, brain perceives it as fluid movement
illusory conjunction
flash image quickly may combine things incorrectly
binocular cues
require both eyes
retinal disparity
bi, difference between eyes decrease as distance increases
convergence
bi, eyes turn inward to view closer objects
familiar size
mono, known size able to judge depth
linear perspective
parallel lines look like they will converge in distance
texture gradient
it is easier to discern texture in closer objects
interpostion
object that obscures other is closer
relative size
things at bottom of visual field are closer than top
simplicity
mind interprets in simplest way possible
closure
brain fills in gaps where there is none to create groups
continuity
assume objects in a line as continious
similarity
more likely to group together objects that are similar
proximity
objects near each other as group
common fate
group together objects that move together
pinna
outer ear, collect and funnel sounds in auditory canal
auditory canal
sound vibrations travel through to eardrum
middle ear
malus, incus, stapes, amplify soundwaves
semicircular canals
inner ear, maintain balance
cochlea and hearing
filled with fluid, contains basilar membrane which vibrates, hair cells that bend, send action potential to auditory nerve
place theory
vibrations in different parts of basilar membrane produces different pitches
temporal theory
pitch is determined by timing of auditory nerve action
sound localization
process of determining location of a sound source
gestalt grouping sound
location - group of sounds from same source/location
temporal - group based on proximity in time
a delta fibers
sharp shooting pain
c fibers
dull throbbing pain
haptic perception
sensors in muscles, skin, ligaments to perceive things
papillae
structure on surface of tongue containing taste buds
synesthesia
senses dont seperate
approach approach conflict
choose between two good options
avoidance avoidance
decide between 2 bad
approach avoidance
pros and cons
acculturative stress
stress of living in foreign culture
explanatory style
optimism vs pessimism
hardiness
commitment, comfortable with change, feel in control
locus of control
internal - in control
external - out of control
diathesis stress model
chronic stress can kick off genetic predisposition to disorders
inflammation
psychological trauma is associated with increase in inflammation
fallacy of uniform efficancy
thought that one action will reduce stress for everyone
meditation
reduce stress, study show people lower risk of heart attack
stress inoculaion training
change your thought patterns from positive to negative
decisional control
ability to decide between different choices
informational control
gain information about a potientially stressful situation
emotional control
ability to express or repress your emotions
problem focused coping
prepare for stress causing event or responding to it
emotion focused
dealing with negative emotional response caused by event
repressive coping
avoiding feelings and thoughts that remind us of stressful events
social support coping
reaching out to close people to deal with event and associated emotions
direct effects hypothesis
social support has direct effect on mental health regardless of stress level
increase longevity
more money, internal loc, higher self control, optimistic, close relationships
