Lecture 3 Flashcards
What is reliability in research?
Same participant will get same score across multiple testings
What does validity refer to in research?
Testing what you think you are testing
What is necessary for a test to be considered valid?
Have to have reliability to be valid
What does internal validity measure?
How much control the researcher has over the study
What is external validity?
How similar study is to the real world
What is standardization in research?
Creating a procedure to assure consistency in how the study is run
What is norming in research?
Determining where the cutoffs are for your results
What is the difference between a sample and a population?
- Sample - participants
- Population - who research is applicable to
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
What is self-selection bias?
People select themselves for studies
How does replication affect bias?
Replication decreases bias
What do descriptive statistics do?
Describe what our data looks like, mean median mode
What do inferential statistics tell us?
Tells if your data is significant
What is a T-test used for?
Comparing 2 groups
What does F-stat measure?
More than 2 groups
What is a P value?
Probability value indicating significance
What is the range of correlation strength?
-1 to 1
How does correlation strength relate to distance from zero?
Correlation further from 0, stronger
What does positive correlation indicate?
Increasing relationship
What does negative correlation indicate?
Inverse relationship
What characterizes a normal distribution?
Mean, median, mode nearly the same
What is a positive skew?
Majority of data are on lower end of the scale
What is a negative skew?
Majority of data are on high end of scale
What does effect size measure?
How strong the effect is between variables
What is informed consent?
Inform participants prior to experiment about procedure, potential risks
What does respect for persons mean in research ethics?
Cannot coerce participants
What is the principle of beneficence?
Maximize benefits, minimizing cost
What does confidentiality mean in research?
Don’t disclose information about participants
What is fairness in research?
Treat all groups equally, if experimental group benefits, control has to be offered
What is debriefing in research?
Give information at end of participation and contact information, reveal of deception
What were the effects of the Tuskegee syphilis study?
128 deaths, 40 passed infection, 19 children born with syphilis
What are common problems in research?
Misconduct, plagiarism, falsification, fabrication
What is observer bias?
Your opinions affect the way you perceive your research
What are demand characteristics?
Behavior in the observer that communicates a desired result
What is the impact of interpretation in research?
Observer perception affect results
What is blindness in research?
Researcher doesn’t know what variable the participants are exposed to
What is the Hawthorne effect?
People behave differently when they know they are being watched
What is social desirability in research?
People aren’t fully honest due to stigma
What is the bogus pipeline?
Tell participants that there is a way to determine if they’re telling the truth
What are confounds/third variable problems?
Variables that can affect the outcome of a study
What is Post Hoc thinking?
A came before B, A causes B
What are teratogens?
Dangerous things fetus can be exposed to that affect development
What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?
- Critical - has to learn during period
- Sensitive - easier to learn during period
What does developmental research acknowledge?
Environmental and cultural effects on human development
What does universal vs ecological refer to in development?
- Universal - all humans develop at similar rates
- Ecological - acknowledges environmental effects
