Lecture 3

Question 1

What is reliability in research?

Answer 1

Same participant will get same score across multiple testings

Question 2

What does validity refer to in research?

Answer 2

Testing what you think you are testing

Question 3

What is necessary for a test to be considered valid?

Answer 3

Have to have reliability to be valid

Question 4

What does internal validity measure?

Answer 4

How much control the researcher has over the study

Question 5

What is external validity?

Answer 5

How similar study is to the real world

Question 6

What is standardization in research?

Answer 6

Creating a procedure to assure consistency in how the study is run

Question 7

What is norming in research?

Answer 7

Determining where the cutoffs are for your results

Question 8

What is the difference between a sample and a population?

Answer 8

• Sample - participants
• Population - who research is applicable to

Question 9

What does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 9

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

Question 10

What is self-selection bias?

Answer 10

People select themselves for studies

Question 11

How does replication affect bias?

Answer 11

Replication decreases bias

Question 12

What do descriptive statistics do?

Answer 12

Describe what our data looks like, mean median mode

Question 13

What do inferential statistics tell us?

Answer 13

Tells if your data is significant

Question 14

What is a T-test used for?

Answer 14

Comparing 2 groups

Question 15

What does F-stat measure?

Answer 15

More than 2 groups

Question 16

What is a P value?

Answer 16

Probability value indicating significance

Question 17

What is the range of correlation strength?

Answer 17

-1 to 1

Question 18

How does correlation strength relate to distance from zero?

Answer 18

Correlation further from 0, stronger

Question 19

What does positive correlation indicate?

Answer 19

Increasing relationship

Question 20

What does negative correlation indicate?

Answer 20

Inverse relationship

Question 21

What characterizes a normal distribution?

Answer 21

Mean, median, mode nearly the same

Question 22

What is a positive skew?

Answer 22

Majority of data are on lower end of the scale

Question 23

What is a negative skew?

Answer 23

Majority of data are on high end of scale

Question 24

What does effect size measure?

Answer 24

How strong the effect is between variables

Question 25

What is informed consent?

Answer 25

Inform participants prior to experiment about procedure, potential risks

Question 26

What does respect for persons mean in research ethics?

Answer 26

Cannot coerce participants

Question 27

What is the principle of beneficence?

Answer 27

Maximize benefits, minimizing cost

Question 28

What does confidentiality mean in research?

Answer 28

Don't disclose information about participants

Question 29

What is fairness in research?

Answer 29

Treat all groups equally, if experimental group benefits, control has to be offered

Question 30

What is debriefing in research?

Answer 30

Give information at end of participation and contact information, reveal of deception

Question 31

What were the effects of the Tuskegee syphilis study?

Answer 31

128 deaths, 40 passed infection, 19 children born with syphilis

Question 32

What are common problems in research?

Answer 32

Misconduct, plagiarism, falsification, fabrication

Question 33

What is observer bias?

Answer 33

Your opinions affect the way you perceive your research

Question 34

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 34

Behavior in the observer that communicates a desired result

Question 35

What is the impact of interpretation in research?

Answer 35

Observer perception affect results

Question 36

What is blindness in research?

Answer 36

Researcher doesn’t know what variable the participants are exposed to

Question 37

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 37

People behave differently when they know they are being watched

Question 38

What is social desirability in research?

Answer 38

People aren’t fully honest due to stigma

Question 39

What is the bogus pipeline?

Answer 39

Tell participants that there is a way to determine if they're telling the truth

Question 40

What are confounds/third variable problems?

Answer 40

Variables that can affect the outcome of a study

Question 41

What is Post Hoc thinking?

Answer 41

A came before B, A causes B

Question 42

What are teratogens?

Answer 42

Dangerous things fetus can be exposed to that affect development

Question 43

What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?

Answer 43

* Critical - has to learn during period * Sensitive - easier to learn during period

Question 44

What does developmental research acknowledge?

Answer 44

Environmental and cultural effects on human development

Question 45

What does universal vs ecological refer to in development?

Answer 45

* Universal - all humans develop at similar rates * Ecological - acknowledges environmental effects