exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Social comparison theory
A
evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing ourselves with others
2
Q
Upward vs downward social comparison
A
Upward - comparing ourselves to others that have it better
Downward - comparing self to others who are doing worse
3
Q
Enlightenment
A
learning about a psychological concept changes real world behavior for the better
4
Q
Halo effect
A
when someone has one good trait we assume they have many good traits
5
Q
Self fulfilling prophecy
A
people behave in a way they are expected to behave
6
Q
Chameleon effect
A
Unconsciously mimic those around you
7
Q
Attitude component - Affective
A
emotional reaction coming from a stimulus
8
Q
Attitude component - Behavioral
A
how you want to behaviorally respond to the stimulus
9
Q
Attitude component - Cognitive
A
thoughts and reactions that come from the stimulus
10
Q
Attitude dimension - Strength
A
attitude you’ve had for a long time or impacted your life is stronger, hard to change
11
Q
Attitude dimension - Accessibility
A
what attitude is most influential depends on what is most accessible
12
Q
Attitude dimension - Ambivalence
A
hold negative and positive reactions to a stimulus at the same time
13
Q
Attitude change component - source
A
entity trying to cause change
14
Q
Attitude change component - receiver
A
person being changed
15
Q
Attitude change component - message
A
how you get change to happen
16
Q
Attitude change component - channel
A
way message gets to receiver
17
Q
Cognitive dissonance
A
two contrasting thoughts or behaviors make people uncomfortable, seek to eliminate by making thoughts align with behavior or other thoughts
18
Q
Self perception theory
A
we don’t know our attitudes, we determine them from our behaviors
19
Q
Impression management theory
A
attitudes depend on impression you want to give off
20
Q
Elaboration likelihood model
A
Central - using message as a metric for change
Peripheral - can’t rely on message so you try to distract from it
21
Q
Foot in the door
A
Start with something small where you expect them to say yes, increase size of requests until you reach goal
22
Q
Door in the face
A
ask for an unreasonable thing you expect them to say no to, follow up with more reasonable request
23
Q
Attributions
A
how we explain people’s actions and events
24
Q
Stable vs unstable attributions
A
stable - reasoning is unlikely to change
unstable - reasoning is likely to change
25
Internal vs external attributions
Internal - because of people at center of event
External - outside of main person
26
Individualism vs collectivism attributions
Individualism - more likely to make internal attributions
Collectivism - more likely to make external attributions
27
Fundamental attribution error
When we observe other people, we are more likely to make an internal attribution
28
Defensive attribution error
We make internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures
29
Prejudice
emotional patterns to out group member
30
Discrimination
behavior patterns to out group member
31
Stereotypes
Cognitive patterns to out group member
32
Subtypes
create an exception for a stereotype while still holding onto it
33
Perceptual confirmation
more likely to interpret ambiguous information in a way that fits with a stereotype
34
Illusory correlation
believe you've encountered more instances that uphold your stereotype than you actually have
35
Adapted conservatism
Better to be safe than sorry in relation to out groups from an evolutionary perspective
36
Out group homogeneity bias
assume out group members are more similar to each other than in group members are to each other
37
Variability hypothesis
said men as a group are more variable than women
38
Contact hypothesis
the more neutral or positive interactions that you have with an out group members, the more of a decrease in prejudice, discrimination
39
Superordinate goals
give people of different groups a common goal to accomplish that they have to work together on
40
Common knowledge group effect
more likely to discuss information everyone shares
41
Social loafing group effect
work less hard when in a group because you assume group will pick up slack
42
Group polarization
a group's opinion can become more extreme in a discussion, more than any individual
43
Group think
don't want to go against group because of cohesion
44
Deindividuation
When part of a larger group, you lose individual identity and take on group identity
45
Conformity
changing your behavior to go along with a group without a direct request
46
Compliance
go along with a direct request
47
Obedience
go along with a direct request from an authority figure
48
Informational influence
go along with a group because you believe they're right
49
Normative influence
go along with group to avoid issues
50
Unanimity
everyone in the group is saying the same thing
51
Co-conspirator
someone else willing to go against the group makes you feel more comfortable going against group
52
Group size and conformity
larger group = more pressure to conform
53
Anonymity
giving answers anonymously decreases normative influence
54
Closeness and obedience
Temporal - the closer the request and opportunity to fulfill the more obedient
Spatial - hovering over your shoulder makes you more obedient
55
Legitimate authority
put your responsibility on an authority figure, more legitimate the better
56
Prestige
people obey prestige
57
Depersonalization victim
make victim not seem like a real person you are affecting
58
Defiant models
if someone is able to model disobedience, people are less likely to obey
59
Sternberg's triangular theory of love
Intimacy, passion, commitment
60
Matching hypothesis
people tend to end up in relationships with people equally attractive
61
Facial symmetry
indicator of attractiveness
62
Attitude alignment
changing your opinions and attitude to be more similar to your partners
63
Proximity
one of the most important parts of attractiveness is if they are nearby
64
Relational aggression
seeking to cause harm within someone's relationships
65
Physical aggression
seeking to cause physical harm to someone
66
Hostile aggression
choosing in the moment to cause harm, spontaneous
67
Instrumental aggression
using aggression as part of a plan
68
Roles and aggression
Certain roles have aggressive tendencies associated with them
69
Kin selection
more likely to help those we are biologically related to
70
Reciprocal altruism
quid pro quo
71
empathy altruism hypothesis
asks if people can do truly altruistic behavior without getting positive benefit
72
Darley & Batson 1973
time pressure discourages helping
73
Bystander effect
more likely to get help when fewer people are around
74
Social responsibility norm
feel more responsible to help more vulnerable populations who cannot help themselves
75
Cognitive miser
humans conserve cognitive resources
76
Inductive reasoning
drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
77
Deductive reasoning
using general statements to understand specific conclusions
78
Syntax vs grammar
Syntax - rules used to put words together to create meaningful thought
Grammar - general rules relating to a specific language
79
Genie case study
abused girl, learned to speak late, switched language from critical to sensitive period
80
Homesign
deaf children in hearing household, personal version of sign language used to communicate with those around them
81
Rules of language
Symbolic - use words, sounds, or images to refer to abstract things
Generative - small number of things can be combined infinitely
Structured - conveys meaning to two people of the same language
82
Denotation
Dictionary definition of a word
83
Connotation
personal interpretation of a word
84
Sociocultural language acquisition
we pick up language through interactions with those around us
85
Behaviorist language acquisition
language is observational/operant conditioning, positive reinforcement for language learning
86
Nativist language acquisition
humans have a natural inclination towards language
87
Interactionist language acquisition
some biological directive towards language
88
Phonemes
smallest unit of speech, sounds
89
Morphenomes
Smallest unit of meaning, prefix, suffix, root words
90
Receptive vocabulary
words you understand
91
Productive vocabulary
words you use
92
Telegraphic speech
first type of speech for kids, subject verb
93
Language overextension
using a word in more contexts than you should
94
Language underextension
Putting too many rules on when you use a word
95
Language overregularization
apply regular grammar rules to irrelevant examples
96
Field dependence
focus on context of a problem or solution
97
Field independence
Ignore context of problem or solution
98
Irrelevant information
focus on irrelevant information when coming up with answers and solutions
99
Mental sets
using the same strategy that worked previously when it is no longer relevant
100
Functional fixedness
Inability to see objects for functions outside their typical use
101
Unnecessary constraints
Arbitrary boundaries placed on a problem
102
Anticipated regret
Making decisions based on an assumed reaction
103
Theory of bounded rationality
theory that people can only be rational to a certain extent, focus on small number of facets when making decisions
104
Conjunction fallacy
think 2 items are more likely to occur together than either is individually
105
Recognition heuristic
when asked to make a decision we are more likely to choose the more recognizable option
106
Affect heuristic
we make decisions based on emotions or gut feelings rather than rational thought
107
Alternative outcomes effect (gambler's fallacy)
assuming past outcomes have an effect on future random events
108
Anchoring heuristic
when giving a number response we answer closely to those around us
109
Availability heuristic
Believe whatever comes to mind easier
110
Confirmation bias
confirm information that goes with our thoughts and reject what goes against us
111
Ostrich bias
ignore negative information and focus on positive information
112
Emotions vs mood
Emotions - reactions to stimuli
Mood - changes in state
113
Nonverbal leakage
When we try to conceal emotional response, we show it through nonverbal behaviors
114
Affective forecasting
trying to predict how we and others feel based on something
115
Hedonic treadmill
when we are in positive state, we try to stay there, chase the next positive experience
116
Self determination theory
we are motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
117
Instinct/evolutionary theory of motivation
Have an immediate physical response to stimuli due to evolution
118
Drive reduction theory of motivation
have biologic preference that is out of sync, driven to put it back in sync
119
Incentive theory of motivation
external gift/reinforcement encouraging behavior
120
Arousal theory of motivation
Yerkes-Dodson law, there's an optimal level of arousal for an optimal level of performance
121
Hypothalamus hunger motivation
Sends signals of hunger satiation
122
Glucostatic theory
neurons sensitive to glucose levels in the fluid and blood around brain
123
Palatability hunger cue
how good a food tastes to us determines how much we eat
124
Quantity hunger cue
you eat the amount you are given
125
Quality hunger cue
eat higher quality food given the option
126
Variety
have more options makes you eat more
127
Sensory specific satiety
eat the same food across multiple instances til you get tired of it
128
Undermining
start doing something because you want to, do it for money decreases motivation
129
Intrinsic motivation
challenge, enjoyment, mastery, autonomy
130
Variations in pursuing achievement
personality, likelihood to succeed, incentive, self discipline
131
Evolutionary motivation to belong
having to work together to hunt and stay alive
132
Emotional motivation to belong
having strong, close relationships give positive emotionally
133
Health benefits motivation to belong
Happy marriages are predictive of longevity
134
Cognitive emotional component
thoughts that go along with emotions
135
Physiologic emotional component
biological response to emotion
136
Behavior emotional component
actions associated with emotions
137
Display rules/norms
govern how, when, and to whom you display emotions
138
Valence of emotions
separation into positive and negative emotions
139
Universal emotions
emotions that are experienced and displayed similarly cross culturally
140
Discrete emotions theory
humans only experience a few discrete emotions that can be combined to create complex emotions
141
James-Lange theory
you see an external stimulus, it causes physiological reaction, experience emotion by labeling reaction
142
Canon-Bard
stimulus causes physiological and cognitive response
143
Schacter-Singer
stimulus cause brain to assign cause of physiological response
144
Continuous theory
matrix that you can plot all emotions on, arousal and pleasure as axes
145
Somatovisceral afference model of emotion
some emotions have more specific physiological response than others
146
Amygdala
connected to hippocampus, critical for experience of fear and recognition of emotional relevance
147
Prefrontal cortex and emotions
determine if you should respond emotionally to stimulus, left for positive, right for negative
148
hypothalamus and emotion
helps experience pleasure, direction brain on emotional experiences
149
Insula
Subcortical structure critical for disgust, monitoring body responses for emotion
150
Anterior cingulate cortex
emotional thought and experience of pain
151
Reappraisal
change thinking, change emotional response
152
Expressive suppression
deliberate desire to hide what you are feeling
153
Duchenne smile
Genuine smile
154
causal inferences
judgements about causation of one thing by another
155
Language acquisition device
an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language, nativist view of language
156
linguistic determinism hypothesis
the proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world
157
Facial action coding system
a widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that possible in the human face
158
neurocultural theory of emotion
some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation are culturally derived
159
set point
the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature
