Lecture 4

Question 1

What is stage theory?

Answer 1

Development happens in stages; must complete one stage before moving on to the next.

Question 2

What is habituation?

Answer 2

When a baby becomes used to a stimulus, they stop responding. To draw attention, introduce a new stimulus.

Question 3

What is infantile amnesia?

Answer 3

Memory loss that occurs from 0-4 years due to rapid neuron growth.

Question 4

Define social clock.

Answer 4

Culturally defined timeline to achieve certain milestones.

Question 5

What sound preference do newborns exhibit?

Answer 5

Prefer mother’s voice over other stimuli.

Question 6

What do newborns seem to remember regarding sounds?

Answer 6

Memory of sounds heard in utero.

Question 7

How do prenatal experiences affect smell and taste in newborns?

Answer 7

If the mother eats very flavorful foods, newborns seem to remember taste and smells.

Question 8

What is the state of vision in newborns?

Answer 8

Basically nonexistent; no visual development in utero.

Question 9

What is the peak visual acuity age for children?

Answer 9

Age 3.

Question 10

What does the visual cliff test measure?

Answer 10

Perception of depth in babies; perception develops around a year.

Question 11

What is scale error in infants?

Answer 11

A baby sees a smaller version of something familiar and treats it as the larger version.

Question 12

What type of growth does the brain undergo during development?

Answer 12

The brain grows in complexity, not size.

Question 13

Which part of the brain is the slowest to develop?

Answer 13

Frontal lobe.

Question 14

What are the characteristics of authoritarian parenting?

Answer 14

Very specific rules; strict punishments for breaking rules.

Question 15

What is permissive parenting?

Answer 15

Unrestrained, not many rules; more lax with punishments.

Question 16

Define negligent parenting.

Answer 16

Uninvolved; not interacting with the child, uncaring.

Question 17

What defines authoritative parenting?

Answer 17

Confrontive; speaks to and listens to the child; punishment correlates with behavior.

Question 18

What is attachment in child development?

Answer 18

Bond between child and caregiver; correlated to separation anxiety.

Question 19

What is the ‘Strange situation’ experiment?

Answer 19

Parent leaves child in lab to observe responses to absence and return.

Question 20

What characterizes secure attachment?

Answer 20

Child acknowledges caregiver’s return after absence.

Question 21

What describes avoidant attachment?

Answer 21

Child is not distressed by caregiver’s absence and does not acknowledge return.

Question 22

What is ambivalent/anxious attachment?

Answer 22

Baby is distressed by caregiver’s absence and remains stressed upon return.

Question 23

What defines disorganized attachment?

Answer 23

No clear pattern of response to caregiver.

Question 24

Who proposed the theory of temperament?

Answer 24

Thomas and Chess.

Question 25

What are the three categories of temperament?

Answer 25

* Easy * Slow to warm up * Difficult

Question 26

What is the first shift in Piaget’s moral development theory?

Answer 26

Realism to relativism shift.

Question 27

What does the prescription to principle shift signify?

Answer 27

Understanding intent of the rule over merely following the letter of the law.

Question 28

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

Answer 28

* Preconventional * Conventional * Postconventional

Question 29

What is the focus of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Answer 29

Assimilation vs accommodation.

Question 30

What is object permanence?

Answer 30

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen; develops around 8 months.

Question 31

What defines the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory?

Answer 31

Children think symbolically and engage in pretend play.

Question 32

What is egocentrism in children?

Answer 32

Inability to understand that others have different thoughts and perspectives.

Question 33

What does the concrete operational stage entail?

Answer 33

Ability to mentally manipulate things and understand conservation.

Question 34

What does the formal operational stage signify?

Answer 34

Ability to understand hypotheticals and process abstract ideas.

Question 35

What is Vygotsky's view on thought development?

Answer 35

Occurs through social interactions.

Question 36

What is scaffolding in learning?

Answer 36

Expert helps novice learn a task, providing support that gradually decreases.

Question 37

How did Vygotsky view the role of language in cognitive development?

Answer 37

Language is critical to cognitive development.

Question 38

What is private speech?

Answer 38

Language spoken to oneself; preschoolers vocalize this before internalizing it.

Question 39

Define theory of mind.

Answer 39

Understanding that others have their own thoughts and mental processes.

Question 40

What is the developmental norm?

Answer 40

Median age at which traits tend to develop.

Question 41

What are the reflexes present in newborns?

Answer 41

* Rooting * Palmar * Sucking * Babinski * Moro

Question 42

Explain cephalocaudal development.

Answer 42

Control starts at the top of the body and moves down.

Question 43

What is proximodistal development?

Answer 43

Control starts at the trunk and moves outward.

Question 44

What is social referencing?

Answer 44

Looking to a caregiver to process a new situation.

Question 45

What was the focus of Mischel et al.'s marshmallow study?

Answer 45

Delayed gratification and trust in researchers.