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BIOSCI 107 > Lecture 7: CSF Energy > Flashcards

Lecture 7: CSF Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate is a molecule that acts as the energy currency in our body

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2
Q

How does ATP act as an energy source?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate group releases energy

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3
Q

What is the ATP cycle?

A

The transfer of energy between complex and simple molecules in the body

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4
Q

What happens to glucose in the body as it is consumed?

A

Glucose in intestines -> absorbed into bloodstream -> entry into cell (facilitated by insulin) -> used for cellular respiration or storage

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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6
Q

What are the 4 main steps of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation (link reaction)
Citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle)
Electron transport chain

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7
Q

What is the overall formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (in the form of ATP)

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol of the cell

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9
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

In the matrix of mitochondria

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10
Q

Where does citric acid cycle occur?

A

In the matrix of mitochondria

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11
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Across the inner membrane (involving intermembranal space and mitochondrial matrix)

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12
Q

What is the input and output of glycolysis?

A

Input:
1 Glucose

Output:
2 Net ATP (2 used and 4 produced)
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate molecules

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13
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No

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14
Q

What is NADH and FADH2?

A

Electron carriers that donate electrons for the electron transport chain

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15
Q

What is the input and output of pyruvate oxidation?

A 
Input: 
2 Pyruvate (per gluose)

Output:
2 Acetyl coA
2 NADH
2 CO2

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16
Q

Is oxygen required for pyruvate oxidation?

A

Yes

17
Q

What is the input and output of citric acid cycle?

A

Input:
2 acetyl coA (per glucose)

Output:
2 ATP 
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
18
Q

Does citric acid cycle require oxygen?

A

Yes, it is an aerobic process

19
Q

What is substrate phosphorylation?

A

ATP generated by direct transfer (from a substrate) of phosphate group to ADP - occurs during glycolysis and citric acid cycle (low yield)

20
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the transfer of electrons and pumping of protons. Much more efficient

21
Q

Where is the electron transport chain?

A

Located on the inner membrane of mitochondria

22
Q

What is the input and output of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Input:
1 or 2 electrons depending on oxidation of NADH and FADH2 (from citric acid cycle)

Output:
26 to 28 ATP (per glucose molecule)

23
Q

Does oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen?

A

Yes, oxygen is required to act as the final electron acceptor for the electrons of the ETC forming water

24
Q

Explain how oxidative phosphorylation occurs

A

NADH and FADH2 are oxidised to donate 1 or 2 electrons

Electrons move along ETC from protein to protein

At each protein, electron gives up a small amount of its energy giving hydrogen pumps energy to actively transport H+ ions into the intermembranal matrix. As the H+ ions later diffuse down conc. gradient they pass through a ‘turbine’ known as ATP synthase which generates a large amount of ATP molecules.

Oxygen pulls the electron down the chain acting as the final electron acceptor where it is reduced to water.

25
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The diffusion of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase down their conc. gradient providing energy for ATP synthesis to occur.

26
Q

What is phosphofructokinase?

A

A structure formed midway through glycolysis which acts as the rate limiting factor of glycolysis. It works by a negative feedback mechanism where the production of citrate and ATP molecules inhibit this enzyme stopping the formation of pyruvate

27
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood sugar level

28
Q

What happens during hyperglycemia?

A

Homeostasis disturbed by increasing blood level -> Beta cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas secrete insulin -> increased rate of glucose transport to target cells, increased rate of glucose use and ATP generation, increased conversion of glucose to glycogen (storage molecule for sugar)

29
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood sugar level

30
Q

What happens during hypoglycemia?

A

Homeostasis disturbed by low sugar level -> alpha cells in pancreatic islets secrete glucago -> affects liver and skeletal muscle -> increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose

31
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively constant conditions within physiological tolerable limits

32
Q

What is insulin?

A

Produced by beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas

It is a hormone which increases conversion of glucose to glycogen, increase glucose uptake by cells

33
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Produced by alpha cells in islets of langerhans of pancreas

Hormone that increases breakdown of glycogen to glucose

34
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

The impairment of the ability to produce or respond to hormone insulin

Results in:

  • elevated levels of glucose in blood as no glucose uptake by cells and no conversion of glucose to glycogen
  • abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates
35
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Also known as insulin dependent diabetes:

  • Body produces no insulin as beta cells are destroyed due to autoimmune disease or genetic reasons
  • Affects 5-10% of diabetics
  • Requires insulin injections
36
Q

What is type 2 diabetes??

A

Also know as non insulin dependent diabetes:

  • Body does not respond to insulin
  • Most diabetics are type 2
  • Can be linked to obesity
  • Cause unknown
37
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A

Significantly increased hunger and significant loss of weight

BIOSCI 107 (29 decks)

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