Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOSCI 107 > Lecture 21: Blood composition and function > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Blood composition and function Flashcards

1
Q

Why is blood pressure important?

A

Ensures

  1. even and efficient flow through the small capillaries
  2. low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major components of blood?

A 
Cells
Proteins
Lipids 
Electrolytes 
Vitamins, hormones
Complement
Glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the blood

A

Erythyroid
Myeloid
Lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 layers created when blood is centrifuged?

A

Red blood cells on the bottom

Buffy coat, comprised of white blood cells and platelets in the middle

Plasma on the top

Require anti-coagulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of proteins found in blood?

A

Albumin - homeostatic function
Haemoglobin - carry oxygen
Fibrinogen - causes blood to clot
Immunoglobulins - antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are lipids found in the blood?

A

Lipids are found bound in lipoproteins - HDL, LDL, VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Salts and minerals e.g. Na+ Cl- Ca2+ etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are erythyroids?

A

Red cells that carry haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are myeloids?

A

Cells involved in internal innate immunity e.g. phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are lymphoids?

A

Cells involved in adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is plasma?

A

The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells - contains fibrinogen that is removed with coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is serum?

A

Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is serum electrophoresis?

A

Serum proteins exposed to an electric field separates into 5 distinct bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Is a form of leukaemia where a malignant lymphocyte overproduces monoclonal Ig.

Serum electrophoresis is used to diagnose this condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is albumin?

A

Constitutes 50% of total blood protein

Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure. Binds and transports many small molecules, hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Constitutes 7% of total blood protein. Activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin (blood clot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a complement?

A

Component of blood - 9 proteins that coat bacteria allowing them to be targeted for phagocytosis (process called opsonisation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Binding to pathogen and coat the bacteria

Deposition of complements on microbes become convertases. Convertases are able to activate more complement that then deposits to coat the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are coagulation factors?

A

13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting fibrinogen -> fibrin. Failure for this process to occur due to factor VIII deficiency causes haemophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of electrolytes?

A

Isotonicity and buffering - blood pH is very tightly maintained at 7.4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the name of the stem cell which gives rise to blood cells?

A

CD34+ Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

22
Q

What are the two progenitor cells formed from hemocytoblast?

A

Common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor

23
Q

What is the application of CD34+ antigens?

A

The body contains anti-CD34 antibodies that can select and concentrate HSCs from blood prior to a bone marrow transplant in patients that have undergone chemotherapy (killed stem cells) - autologous human stem cell transplants

24
Q

What are the cells created from the common myeloid progenitor?

A

Megakaryocyte
Erythrocyte
Mast cell
Myeloblast

25
Q

What are megakaryoctes?

A

Cells that produce thrombocytes (platelets)

26
Q

What are the cells created from the myeloblasts?

A

myeloid cells - cells involved in the internal innate immune response

Basophils (filled with granules)
Neutrophil (multi-lobed nucleus)
Eosinophil (stain red and divided nucleus)
Monocyte (forms macrophage)

27
Q

What are the cells created from the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

Natural killer cell

Small lymphocytes

28
Q

What are the types of small lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte

29
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

30
Q

What are the three factors that drive haematopoiesis?

A

GM-CSF, EPO, G-CSF drive production of blood components

31
Q

What is the GM-CSF?

A

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Produced by macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

Stimulates production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

32
Q

What is the G-CSF?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Produced by many different cells

Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils

33
Q

What is EPO?

A

Erythropoietin - drives production of RBCs

It is produced mainly by the kidney during adulthood and liver in perinatal

Can be taken as a drug for improved oxygen uptake

34
Q

How are GM-CSF and G-CSF used following radio-ablation?

A

These factors are administered to re-populate white cells in leukaemia patients - only small group of white blood cells following transplant

35
Q

Where does oxygen transport occur?

A

At the alveoli in the lung - little air sacks that increase surface area for O2 and CO2 to be exchanged between the capillaries and air space.

36
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Protein found in the blood containing 4 heme groups which contain iron atoms that bind oxygen

37
Q

What is the binding of O2 to haemoglobin regulated by?

A

The partial pressure of O2

38
Q

How does cyanide cause death?

A

Cyanide binds to cytochrome C in the ETC interrupting oxidative phosphorylation and preventing the heart from beating

39
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Phagocyte which engulfs invading bacteria

Functions as the complements in the blood coat the bacteria by opsonisation

40
Q

What are the 3 ways of activating complements?

A

Classical antibody activation
Lectin activation
Alternative activation

41
Q

How does classical antibody activation work?

A

An antibody binds to the pathogen causing a cascade to occur and complement to be activated

42
Q

Which is the most abundant complement component that causes the proteolytic activation cascade?

A

C3 activated to form C3b which bind to the pathogen

43
Q

What are convertases?

A

Deposited complements on pathogens that bind irreversibly via covalent bonds and allow the pathogen to be engulfed by phagocytes

44
Q

How does oponisation allow neutrophils to seek and engulf bacteria?

A

Cleavage of C3, C4, and C5 convertases (deposited complements) produce small fragments when cleaved - C3a, C4a, C5a

These fragments act as powerful chemoattractants called anaphylotoxins that attract and activate neutrophils

45
Q

What are the two pathways for activation of the proteolytic activation cascade which causes coagulation?

A

Intrinsic - caused by contact with surfaces

Extrinsic - caused by tissue damage

46
Q

What is the enzyme that is involved in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to coagulation activation?

A

Factor X forms factor Xa which causes the formation of thrombin from prothrombin

Thrombin then causes fibrinogen to cleave forming fibrin that forms the blood clot

47
Q

What is thrombin?

A

Thrombin is the enzyme that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin which forms cross-links

48
Q

What do anticoagulants produced by parasites do?

A

As they rely on blood flow, they produce anti-coagulants that target the thrombin step preventing fibrinogen to form fibrin

49
Q

What is plasminogen?

A

An enzyme converted to active plasmin which dissolves the clot - thrombolysis

50
Q

What is TPA and Streptokinase?

A

These are plasminogen activators that are used to treat thrombosis - formation of unwanted blood clots.

Plasminogen will form active plasmin which breaks down blood clots.

BIOSCI 107 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions