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BIOSCI 107 > Lecture 1: Organisation of the human body > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Organisation of the human body Flashcards

1
Q

List the body’s 6 levels of structural organisation

A

Chemicals -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems -> Organisms

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2
Q

Describe the chemical level of structural organisation

A

The building blocks of the body often considered as atoms and molecules

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3
Q

Describe the cellular level of structural organisation

A

The basic structural and functional units of the body (roughly 200 types exist - each have specific shape and size and function)

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4
Q

Describe the tissue level of structural organisation

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a common function. 4 main types exist: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

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5
Q

Describe the organ level of structural organisation

A

Organs are structures composed of two or more types of tissue

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6
Q

Describe the system level of structural organisation

A

Systems consist of multiple related organs that have a common function

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7
Q

Describe the organism level of structural organisation

A

All the systems within an organism work together simultaneously to constitute a living organism

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8
Q

List the 11 systems of the human body

A

MURDERS LINC

  • Muscular
  • Urinary
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Lymphatic and Immune
  • Integumentary
  • Nervous
  • Cardiovascular
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9
Q

Name the organs of the muscular system

A
  • Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular)
  • Tendons
  • Aponeurose
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10
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

A
  • Provide skeletal movement
  • Control entrance and exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems
  • Produce heat (muscle shivering)
  • Support skeleton
  • Protect soft tissues
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11
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A
  • Tendons connect bone to muscle (eg archilles tendon)
  • They translate contractile forces into tasks
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12
Q

What is the function of aponeuroses?

A
  • Aponeuroses connect muscle to muscle
  • They translate contractile forces into tasks
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13
Q

What is the function of axial muscles?

A
  • Support and positioning of axial skeleton
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14
Q

What is the function of appendicular muscles?

A
  • Support and movement of limbs
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15
Q

Name the organs of the skeletal system

A
  • Skeleton (axial and appendicular)
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Bone marrow (red and yellow)
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16
Q

What is the function of bones?

A

Stores minerals

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17
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax
Supports body weight

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18
Q

What is the function of appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs
Supports and enables muscles to move skeleton

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19
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Bone interface
Many functions

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20
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Ligaments are fibrous connections between 2 bones

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21
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red - production of RBCs
Yellow - storage of fat cells

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22
Q

Name the organs of the nervous system

A
  • CNS (spinal cord and the brain)
  • PNS
  • Special senses
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23
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Central nervous system acts as the control center (allows short term control of other systems)

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24
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

Carries out complex integrative activities (takes info and responds to chemical and neurological stimuli)
Controls voluntary and involuntary action

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25
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Carries action potentials between the peripheral nerves and the brain
Performs less complex integrative activities (such as the reflex arc -> an action which does not involve the brain)

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26
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

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27
Q

Name the organs of the endocrine system

A
  • Pineal gland
  • Hypothalamus / Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Kidneys
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads
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28
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Regulates day and night rhythms (sleep patterns)

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29
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Control center of endocrine system
Regulates growth

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30
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Regulates metabolic rate
Regulates calcium levels

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31
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Regulates calcium levels

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32
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Controls maturation of lymphocytes (WBCs)

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33
Q

What is the function of adrenal glands?

A

Water and mineral balance
Tissue metabolism
Cardiovascular and respiratory system function (via release of adrenaline -> fight or flight)

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34
Q

What is the function of kidneys? (as a part of the endocrine system)

A

Red blood cell production
Maintain blood pressure
Regulates calcium levels

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35
Q

What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the endocrine system)

A

Glucose control

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36
Q

What is the function of gonads?

A

Development of sexual characteristics and reproduction

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37
Q

Name the organs of the lymphatic system (immune system)

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic fluid
B cells and T cells
Lymph nodes (including tonsils)
Spleen
Thymus

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38
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system where they re-enter blood flow

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39
Q

What is the function of lymphatic fluid?

A

They carry lymphocytes

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40
Q

What is the function of B cells and T cells (lymphocytes)?

A

Involved in immune response

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41
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Monitor composition of lymph (via filtering, phagocytosis and immune reactions)
Stimulate immune response
Engulfs pathogens

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42
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A
  • consider spleen as a sort of large lymph node -
    Monitors circulation of blood cells
    Engulfs pathogens
    Recycle RBCs
    Stimulates immune response
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43
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

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44
Q

Name the organs of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Blood

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45
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Maintain blood pressure
Pump blood around body

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46
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood to the heart

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47
Q

What is the function of artieries?

A

Carry blood away from heart

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48
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Carry blood to and from body cells
Diffusion between blood and tissue fluids

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49
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation
Carry immune cells for defence against illness
Maintain pH levels

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50
Q

Name the components of the respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity and paransala sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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51
Q

What is the function of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A

Filter air
Warm air
Humidify air
Detect smell

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52
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A

Conducts air to larynx

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53
Q

What is the function of larynx?

A

Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords to allow vocalisation

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54
Q

What is the function of trachea?

A

Conducts air
Contains C- shaped cartilage to prevent collasping

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55
Q

What is the function of bronchi?

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

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56
Q

What is the function of lungs?

A

Air movement
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
Acid base control

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57
Q

Name the components of the digestive system

A

Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine and Anus

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58
Q

What is the function of oral cavity

A

Breaks up food using teeth and tongue

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59
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Buffers and lubricant for food
Contain enzymes which breakdown food

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60
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A

Moves food and liquids to the oesophagus
Shared with respiratory system

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61
Q

What is the function of oesophagus?

A

Deliver food to stomach

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62
Q

What is the function of stomach?

A

Digest food using stomach acid
Contains enzymes and hormones

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63
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Contains digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients

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64
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Secretes bile
Regulates nutrients in blood

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65
Q

What is the function of gallbladder?

A

Concentrates bile

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66
Q

What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the digestive system)

A

Contains digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells

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67
Q

What is the function of the large intestine and the anus?

A

Water removal
Waste storage and removal

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68
Q

Name the organs of the urinary system

A

Kidney
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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69
Q

What is the function of the kidney? (as a part of the urinary system)

A

Form and concentrate urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume and blood pressure
Also a part of endocrine system

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70
Q

What is the function of ureters?

A

Conduct urine to bladder

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71
Q

What is the function of bladder?

A

Store urine prior to elimination

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72
Q

What is the function of urethra?

A

Conducts urine to exterior

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73
Q

Name the components of the male reproductive system

A

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum

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74
Q

What is the function of testes?

A

Produce sperm
Produces hormones as a part of the endocrine system

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75
Q

What is the function of epididymis?

A

Sperm maturation

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76
Q

What is the function of ductus deferens?

A

Sperm from epididymis

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77
Q

What is the function of seminal glands?

A

Contain seminal fluid

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78
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm

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79
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Moves sperm outside of body

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80
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Reproduction

81
Q

What is the function of scrotum?

A

Holds and protects testes

82
Q

Name the components of female reproductive system

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands

83
Q

What is the function of ovaries?

A

Production of oocytes and hormones as a part of the endocrine system

84
Q

What is the function of uterine tubes?

A

Deliver oocyte
Location where fertilisation of ovum occurs

85
Q

What is the function of uterus?

A

Embryonic development

86
Q

What is the function of vagina?

A

Lubrication
Sperm reception
Birth canal

87
Q

What is the function of mammary glands?

A

Nutrition for new-born (it is a modified sweat gland hence also a part of integumentary system)

88
Q

Name the organs of the integumentary system

A

Epidermis (outermost layer)
Dermis (includes hair follicles (hairs and sebaceous glands), sensory receptors and sweat glands)
Nails
Hypodermis

89
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protects surface and deeper tissues
Vitamin D production

90
Q

What is the function of hair follicles?

A

Aid in sensation from innervation (supply of nerves)
Produces hairs for protection
Contains sebaceous glands which lubricate skin and make it more impermeable to moisture

91
Q

What is the function of sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation - dissipation of heat via release of moisture (evaporative cooling)
Breast tissue is a modified sweat gland which is involved in the female reproductive system

92
Q

What is the function of nails?

A

Stiffen and protect digit (toes and fingers)

93
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

Detects stimuli

94
Q

What is the function of hypodermis

A

Stores fat for energy use
Inner layer of skin

95
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve

96
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts - forms glands
Allow for protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion

97
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance (gel-like substance)
They protect, support, bind organs, store energy, and transport blood

98
Q

Describe muscular tissue

A

Contractile cells that allow for movement

99
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

Conducting cells that allow the body to respond to external stimuli by the production of nerve impulses

100
Q

Chemicals -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems -> Organisms

A

List the body’s 6 levels of structural organisation

101
Q

The building blocks of the body often considered as atoms and molecules

A

Describe the chemical level of structural organisation

102
Q

The basic structural and functional units of the body (roughly 200 types exist - each have specific shape and size and function)

A

Describe the cellular level of structural organisation

103
Q

Groups of cells that work together to perform a common function. 4 main types exist: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

A

Describe the tissue level of structural organisation

104
Q

Organs are structures composed of two or more types of tissue

A

Describe the organ level of structural organisation

105
Q

Systems consist of multiple related organs that have a common function

A

Describe the system level of structural organisation

106
Q

All the systems within an organism work together simultaneously to constitute a living organism

A

Describe the organism level of structural organisation

107
Q

MURDERS LINC

  • Muscular
  • Urinary
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Lymphatic and Immune
  • Integumentary
  • Nervous
  • Cardiovascular
A

List the 11 systems of the human body

108
Q
  • Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular)
  • Tendons
  • Aponeurose
A

Name the organs of the muscular system

109
Q
  • Provide skeletal movement
  • Control entrance and exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems
  • Produce heat (muscle shivering)
  • Support skeleton
  • Protect soft tissues
A

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

110
Q
  • Tendons connect bone to muscle (eg archilles tendon)
  • They translate contractile forces into tasks
A

What is the function of tendons?

111
Q
  • Aponeuroses connect muscle to muscle
  • They translate contractile forces into tasks
A

What is the function of aponeuroses?

112
Q
  • Support and positioning of axial skeleton
A

What is the function of axial muscles?

113
Q
  • Support and movement of limbs
A

What is the function of appendicular muscles?

114
Q
  • Skeleton (axial and appendicular)
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Bone marrow (red and yellow)
A

Name the organs of the skeletal system

115
Q

Stores minerals

A

What is the function of bones?

116
Q

Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax
Supports body weight

A

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

117
Q

Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs
Supports and enables muscles to move skeleton

A

What is the function of appendicular skeleton?

118
Q

Bone interface
Many functions

A

What is the function of cartilage?

119
Q

Ligaments are fibrous connections between 2 bones

A

What is the function of ligaments?

120
Q

Red - production of RBCs
Yellow - storage of fat cells

A

What is the function of bone marrow?

121
Q
  • CNS (spinal cord and the brain)
  • PNS
  • Special senses
A

Name the organs of the nervous system

122
Q

Central nervous system acts as the control center (allows short term control of other systems)

A

What is the function of the CNS?

123
Q

Carries out complex integrative activities (takes info and responds to chemical and neurological stimuli)
Controls voluntary and involuntary action

A

What is the function of the brain?

124
Q

Carries action potentials between the peripheral nerves and the brain
Performs less complex integrative activities (such as the reflex arc -> an action which does not involve the brain)

A

What is the function of the spinal cord?

125
Q

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

A

What is the function of the PNS?

126
Q
  • Pineal gland
  • Hypothalamus / Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Kidneys
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads
A

Name the organs of the endocrine system

127
Q

Regulates day and night rhythms (sleep patterns)

A

What is the function of the pineal gland?

128
Q

Control center of endocrine system
Regulates growth

A

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

129
Q

Regulates metabolic rate
Regulates calcium levels

A

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

130
Q

Regulates calcium levels

A

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

131
Q

Controls maturation of lymphocytes (WBCs)

A

What is the function of the thymus?

132
Q

Water and mineral balance
Tissue metabolism
Cardiovascular and respiratory system function (via release of adrenaline -> fight or flight)

A

What is the function of adrenal glands?

133
Q

Red blood cell production
Maintain blood pressure
Regulates calcium levels

A

What is the function of kidneys? (as a part of the endocrine system)

134
Q

Glucose control

A

What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the endocrine system)

135
Q

Development of sexual characteristics and reproduction

A

What is the function of gonads?

136
Q

Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic fluid
B cells and T cells
Lymph nodes (including tonsils)
Spleen
Thymus

A

Name the organs of the lymphatic system (immune system)

137
Q

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system where they re-enter blood flow

A

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

138
Q

They carry lymphocytes

A

What is the function of lymphatic fluid?

139
Q

Involved in immune response

A

What is the function of B cells and T cells (lymphocytes)?

140
Q

Monitor composition of lymph (via filtering, phagocytosis and immune reactions)
Stimulate immune response
Engulfs pathogens

A

What is the function of lymph nodes?

141
Q
  • consider spleen as a sort of large lymph node -
    Monitors circulation of blood cells
    Engulfs pathogens
    Recycle RBCs
    Stimulates immune response
A

What is the function of the spleen?

142
Q

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

A

What is the function of the thymus?

143
Q

Heart
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Blood

A

Name the organs of the cardiovascular system

144
Q

Maintain blood pressure
Pump blood around body

A

What is the function of the heart?

145
Q

Carry blood to the heart

A

What is the function of veins?

146
Q

Carry blood away from heart

A

What is the function of artieries?

147
Q

Carry blood to and from body cells
Diffusion between blood and tissue fluids

A

What is the function of capillaries?

148
Q

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation
Carry immune cells for defence against illness
Maintain pH levels

A

What is the function of blood?

149
Q

Nasal cavity and paransala sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

A

Name the components of the respiratory system

150
Q

Filter air
Warm air
Humidify air
Detect smell

A

What is the function of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

151
Q

Conducts air to larynx

A

What is the function of pharynx?

152
Q

Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords to allow vocalisation

A

What is the function of larynx?

153
Q

Conducts air
Contains C- shaped cartilage to prevent collasping

A

What is the function of trachea?

154
Q

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

A

What is the function of bronchi?

155
Q

Air movement
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
Acid base control

A

What is the function of lungs?

156
Q

Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine and Anus

A

Name the components of the digestive system

157
Q

Breaks up food using teeth and tongue

A

What is the function of oral cavity

158
Q

Buffers and lubricant for food
Contain enzymes which breakdown food

A

What is the function of salivary glands?

159
Q

Moves food and liquids to the oesophagus
Shared with respiratory system

A

What is the function of pharynx?

160
Q

Deliver food to stomach

A

What is the function of oesophagus?

161
Q

Digest food using stomach acid
Contains enzymes and hormones

A

What is the function of stomach?

162
Q

Contains digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients

A

What is the function of the small intestine?

163
Q

Secretes bile
Regulates nutrients in blood

A

What is the function of the liver?

164
Q

Concentrates bile

A

What is the function of gallbladder?

165
Q

Contains digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells

A

What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the digestive system)

166
Q

Water removal
Waste storage and removal

A

What is the function of the large intestine and the anus?

167
Q

Kidney
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

A

Name the organs of the urinary system

168
Q

Form and concentrate urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume and blood pressure
Also a part of endocrine system

A

What is the function of the kidney? (as a part of the urinary system)

169
Q

Conduct urine to bladder

A

What is the function of ureters?

170
Q

Store urine prior to elimination

A

What is the function of bladder?

171
Q

Conducts urine to exterior

A

What is the function of urethra?

172
Q

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum

A

Name the components of the male reproductive system

173
Q

Produce sperm
Produces hormones as a part of the endocrine system

A

What is the function of testes?

174
Q

Sperm maturation

A

What is the function of epididymis?

175
Q

Sperm from epididymis

A

What is the function of ductus deferens?

176
Q

Contain seminal fluid

A

What is the function of seminal glands?

177
Q

Produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm

A

What is the function of the prostate gland?

178
Q

Moves sperm outside of body

A

What is the function of the urethra?

179
Q

Reproduction

A

What is the function of the penis?

180
Q

Holds and protects testes

A

What is the function of scrotum?

181
Q

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands

A

Name the components of female reproductive system

182
Q

Production of oocytes and hormones as a part of the endocrine system

A

What is the function of ovaries?

183
Q

Deliver oocyte
Location where fertilisation of ovum occurs

A

What is the function of uterine tubes?

184
Q

Embryonic development

A

What is the function of uterus?

185
Q

Lubrication
Sperm reception
Birth canal

A

What is the function of vagina?

186
Q

Nutrition for new-born (it is a modified sweat gland hence also a part of integumentary system)

A

What is the function of mammary glands?

187
Q

Epidermis (outermost layer)
Dermis (includes hair follicles (hairs and sebaceous glands), sensory receptors and sweat glands)
Nails
Hypodermis

A

Name the organs of the integumentary system

188
Q

Protects surface and deeper tissues
Vitamin D production

A

What is the function of the epidermis?

189
Q

Aid in sensation from innervation (supply of nerves)
Produces hairs for protection
Contains sebaceous glands which lubricate skin and make it more impermeable to moisture

A

What is the function of hair follicles?

190
Q

Thermoregulation - dissipation of heat via release of moisture (evaporative cooling)
Breast tissue is a modified sweat gland which is involved in the female reproductive system

A

What is the function of sweat glands?

191
Q

Stiffen and protect digit (toes and fingers)

A

What is the function of nails?

192
Q

Detects stimuli

A

What is the function of sensory receptors?

193
Q

Stores fat for energy use
Inner layer of skin

A

What is the function of hypodermis

194
Q

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve

A

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

195
Q

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts - forms glands
Allow for protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion

A

Describe epithelial tissue

196
Q

Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance (gel-like substance)
They protect, support, bind organs, store energy, and transport blood

A

Describe connective tissue

197
Q

Contractile cells that allow for movement

A

Describe muscular tissue

198
Q

Conducting cells that allow the body to respond to external stimuli by the production of nerve impulses

A

Describe nervous tissue

BIOSCI 107 (29 decks)

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