Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

An Sc 311 Midterm 1 > Lecture 7 - Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the absorptive state

A

Energy comes from oxidizing nutrients that enter bloodstream from gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the postabsorptive state

A

Nutrients mobilized from body’s stores (NOT starvation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many hours does it take for absorption after a meal for carnivores and omnivores?

A

4 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How long does it take for absorption in ruminants

A

Digestion/absorption more continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is energy stored as

A

Glycogen and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The process of making glycogen is called..

A

Glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to aa in the liver

A

They are modified (created and broken down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What amino acids can be synthesized by the body?

A

Non-essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Amino acid composition of diet matters less in…

A

ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is converted to glucose in the liver

A

Galactose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What processes is the liver a key player in

A

Anabolic and catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to glucose in the liver

A

Phosphorylated in cell (accumulates until dephosphorylation). Glucose-6-phosphatase allows it to exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lack of glucose-6-phosphatase in dogs is…

A

Glycogen storage disease (hypoglycemia + mental depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What takes up glucose and converts it to triglycerides

A

Adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What % of liver mass does glycogen need to be for glycogenesis to stop

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to excess glucose once we reach 5% liver mass

A

Converted to triglycerides, released as lipoproteins, taken up by adipose and mammary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is equine polysaccharide storage myopathy

A

Genetic glycogen storage disease
Incurable but manageable (diet and exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Two types of PSSM

A

Type 1: increase expression of glycogen synthase (GSY1), but not branching enzyme (glycogen with no branches harder to breakdown)
Type 2: Abnormal glycogen deposition without GSY1 or GBE1 mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are lipoproteins produced? What do they do

A

Liver
Transport triglycerides to rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are lipoproteins made of

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, transport proteins, apolipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Role of apolipoprotein

A

Tell lipoprotein where to go, recognized by specific cell membrane receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Main enzyme of lipoproteins

A

Lipoprotein lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to triglycerides after lipid degradation? Fa?

A

TG stored
Some fa used as energy source, most ffa diffuse into adipose, mammary and other cells (or converted back to TG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to chylomicron remnants after lipid degradation

A

Back to liver = liver enriched with cholesterol

25
Q

How are ffa transported? Other lipids?

A

FFA = albumin
Other = lipoproteins

26
Q

Where are lipoproteins synthesized

A

Liver

27
Q

What is VLDL? LDL? HDL?

A

VLDL = very low density lipoprotein
LDL = low density lipoprotein
HDL = high density lipoprotein

28
Q

What are “bad cholesterol” what does it do

A

LDL and VLDL
Transport cholesterol to cells (taken up by endocytosis)

29
Q

What is “good cholesterol” what does it do

A

HDL
Collects cholesterol from cells and transports to liver (then excreted as bile)

30
Q

Slide 13

A

HDL, VLDL, LDL

31
Q

What happens to aa in the liver

A

Used to make many things (e.g. albumin, fibrinogen, complement)
Some converted to keto acids, converted to glucose and FAs
Low glucose = used as cellular fuel

32
Q

Deamination is when…

A

amino group is separated from organic acids

33
Q

What part of the aa is used as an energy source

A

organic acids

34
Q

How do liver cells replenish glycogen stores

A

Glucose and aa’s

35
Q

What does the liver do with lipids

A

Exports them around the body

36
Q

Slide 18***

A

CHO, lipid and aa metabolism

37
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

If glucose concentrations fall below a certain level, liver mobilizes glycogen reserves

38
Q

Why can’t skeletal muscle release glucose in to the blood

A

Lack glucose-6-phosphate (needed to dephosphorylate and release glucose from cell)

39
Q

What does skeletal muscle do to get glucose out

A

Produce pyruvate and lactate

40
Q

What is gluconeogenesis? What organs are involves? What are the sources?

A

Making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Liver and kidney
Pyruvate from aa breakdown, lactate and glycerol

41
Q

Precursor of glucose

A

Propionic acid

42
Q

What is the cori cycle

A

Lactate produced in muscle cells is converted to glucose in the liver and can return to muscle cells

43
Q

Slide 21

A

Cori cycle

44
Q

What is utilized as the main energy source in a postabsorptive state? Referred to as..

A

Lipids (glucose sparing)
TGs broken down, FA diffuse in blood, taken up by tissues, oxidized to make energy

45
Q

Insulin is secreted by __________ in response to _________________

A

Beta cells
High blood glucose

46
Q

What does insulin do (4)

A

Increase uptake of glucose in the cells of organs
Stimulates synthesis of glycogen, inhibits degradation
Increases consumption of glucose for ATP production
Inhibits gluconeogenesis

47
Q

Glucagon is secreted by _____________ in response to ____________________

A

Alpha cells
Low blood glucose

48
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver
Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
Stimulates lipolysis in adipose

49
Q

Keys to regulating blood glucose levels

A

Insulin and glucagon

50
Q

Slide 26**

A

Insulin and glucagon and proteins/aa

51
Q

What is lipolysis

A

Lysing lipoproteins

52
Q

Slide 27**

A

Glucagon effects

53
Q

___________________ causes mobilization of glucose from glycogen

A

Epinephrine

54
Q

What is fatty liver

A

Occurs when excessive fa mobilization occurs, or impaired ability to export it via apolipoproteins (VLDL packaging low)
Excessive mobilization from adipose

55
Q

Severe fatty liver can…

A

impair liver function

56
Q

Fatty liver most common in

A

Early lactation dairy cows
Late gestation beef cattle

57
Q

Slide 30, 31**

A

Glucose metabolism

58
Q

What does hormone sensitive lipase do

A

Break down TG into ffa and glycerol

An Sc 311 Midterm 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions