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An Sc 311 Midterm 1 > Lecture 3 - Secretions > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Secretions Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of digestion occurs in the large intestine

A

Microbial digestion

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2
Q

What is digested in the L.I.? Why?

A

Fiber
Broken down into glucose (can no longer be absorbed) so turn that into volatile f.a.’s which can be utilized by the host as energy

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3
Q

Three volatile f.a. produced by fiber digestion

A

Acetate (2C)
Propionate (3C)
Butyrate (4C)

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4
Q

Four requirements for microbial digestion

A
  1. Fluid environment
  2. Neutralized environment
  3. Continuous removal of end-products by absorption
  4. Long retention time of digesta (breaking down fiber is slow)
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5
Q

What needs to occur for short chain fatty acids to be absorbed

A

H (from CO2 hydration or Na/H exchange) needs to protonate SCFA to neutralize them, making them lipid soluble

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6
Q

What form are short chain fatty acids in at neutral pH?

A

Acid form (water soluble; not lipid soluble)

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7
Q

How are short chain f.a. absorbed?

A

Nonionic diffusion (no E)

or

Apical membrane SCFA-HCO3 exchange (transporter–E required)

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8
Q

Where are SCFA absorbed

A

Transporters are in small and large intestines

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9
Q

What percent of calf mortality is due to failure of passive transfer?

A

39%

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10
Q

What is transferred when calves drink colostrum

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins; IgG)

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11
Q

What percent of heifer calves have failure passive transfer?

A

41%

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12
Q

Calves with FPT have…

A

Lower BW
Lower average daily gain
Higher vet costs
Reduced milk production

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13
Q

“Leaky gut” refers to…

A

in the first 24h of life when the gut is still able to absorb large proteins

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14
Q

Immunoglobulins are absorbed through…

A

Pinocytosis (into vesicles)

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15
Q

What happens to pinocytotic capability over time?

A

It is lost over time

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16
Q

What is butyrate? What does it do to the gut?

A

Short chain f.a.
Drives gut development (closure) decreasing IgG absorption if given after birth

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17
Q

Pinocytotic capacity is _________. Pinocytosis is ______________ (selective/non-selective).

A

Limited
Non-selective

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18
Q

Reaction of H2O & CO2 to gut secretions

A

H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3 + H+

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19
Q

Bicarbonate is part of what secretions? H+?

A

HCO3 = salivary and pancreatic
H+ = gastric

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20
Q

Important salivary secretory glands?

A

Zygomatic gland, parotid gland, mandibular gland, sublingual gland

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21
Q

Composition of salivary secretions

A

Buffer (HCO3)
Na, Cl
Amylase (except ruminants/carnivores)

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22
Q

What is amylase? Where is it made

A

enzyme, or special protein, that helps you digest carbohydrates

Most made by pancreas and salivary glands

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23
Q

Function of salivary secretions

A

Moisten food to facilitate deglutition
Neutralize acids from fermentation (ruminants)

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24
Q

How are salivary secretions controlled

A

Flow increased by cholinergic stimulation
Salivary center (medulla)
Reflex stimulation from mechanoreceptors in mouth/stomach

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25
Q

Acetylcholine activates what salivary glands

A

Parotid gland and submandibular gland

26
Q

Roles of the stomach (7)

A

Storage
Protein denaturation (HCl)
Mixing (mechanical digestion)
Pepsinogen
Digestion (proteins)
Bacteriostatic (prevent pathogens)
B-12 absorption

27
Q

Four parts of the glandular stomach

A

Esophageal part
Cardia
Fundus + corpus
Pylorus

28
Q

Fundus + corpus region of the stomach aka

A

Proper gastric

29
Q

What is secreted by the cardia

A

Mucus

30
Q

What is secreted by the diff cells of the proper gastric region

A

Mucus
Parietal cell = HCl, intrinsic factors (B12)
Chief cell = pepsinogen

31
Q

What do intrinsic factors do

A

Facilitate B12 absorption into the ileum (binds Vit B12, carries it to end of SI, recognized, B12 absorbed)

32
Q

What does the pyloric region of the stomach secrete

A

Mucus and gastrin

33
Q

What activates pepsinogen into _________

A

Acidic conditions activate it into pepsin (digests proteins)

34
Q

Role of HCl in gastric secretions (5)

A

Breakdown collagen
Protein uncoiling
Bacteriocidal
Activate pepsinogen
Optimum pH

35
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

36
Q

What molecules stimulate gastric HCl secretion**

A
  1. Acetylcholine (stimulates histamine release)
  2. Gastrin (enters circulation, stimulates parietal cells, histamine release)
  3. Histamine (stimulates local parietal cells)
37
Q

What type of cell releases HCl

A

Parietal

38
Q

Gastric secretions include…

A

HCl, pepsin

39
Q

What molecule inhibits gastric secretion

A

Somatostatin released when pH is low

40
Q

What does paracrine mean

A

Stimulates local cells (neighbours)

41
Q

What molecules turn parietal cells on

A

Gastrin, histamine, ACh

42
Q

In gastric secretion, bicarbonate enters the _______ while HCl enters the ______

A

Blood, gastric lumen

43
Q

Why don’t acids and pepsin digest the stomach (epithelial cells)

A

Protected from acid by mucous layer
Bicarbonate secreted by epithelial cells trapped in mucous layer (buffer)

44
Q

Epithelial cell mucous secretion is increased by…

A

Cholinergic stimulation
Mechanical stimulation

45
Q

What is the main cause of ulcers in humans

A

Helicobacter pylori

46
Q

What does helicobacter pylori do to the stomach environment

A

Increases pH, damages mucous layer to allow acid to reach epithelial wall

47
Q

Up to what % of growing pigs show lesions of ulcers at slaughter? What % of sows?

A

60%, 5%

48
Q

Factors contributing to ulcers in pigs

A
  1. Nutritional (low protein, low fiber, high E)
  2. Physical diet (particle size, moisture)
  3. Management (irregular feeding, stress, water availability, infections)
  4. microbial (helicobacter suis)
49
Q

Clinical signs of ulcers in pigs

A

Pale animal, breathlessness, vomiting, dark feces, weight loss, death

50
Q

Is Helicobacter suis zoonotic

A

It has been found in a veterinarian

51
Q

What does the pancreas secrete

A

Proenzymes (e.g. amylase)
Enzymes
Bicarbonate

52
Q

What cells produced bicarbonate

A

Duct cells

53
Q

Pancreatic secretions are adjusted according to…

A

acid and nutrients entering duodenum

54
Q

Difference in pancreatic secretion pattern btw horses and ruminants

A

Ruminants = continuous secretion (4-5L/day)

Horses = constant but increases after eating begins (30-35L/day)

55
Q

What breeds is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency common in? Symptoms?

A

German Shepherds, Rough Collies

Weight loss, greasy/foul smelling diarrhea, dry/dandruffy coat

56
Q

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency? Treatment?

A

Pancreatic acinar atrophy (no digestive enzymes sent to gut)

Treat with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) = oral pancreatic enzymes

57
Q

Causes of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Genetic in dogs
Chronic pancreatitis
Obstruction of pancreatic duct

58
Q

Where is bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas

A

Into the duct lumen (gut environment)

59
Q

Secretory diarrhea can be caused by…

A
  1. Prostaglandin E in response to damage or reactive oxygen species
  2. Serotonin induced by toxins
  3. Cholera toxin
  4. Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Slides 42-48**

60
Q

What cells release somatostatin? Gastrin?

A

Somato = D cells
Gastrin = G cells

An Sc 311 Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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