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An Sc 311 Midterm 1 > Lecture 6 - Liver and Bile > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Liver and Bile Flashcards

1
Q

How much cardiac output does the liver receive

A

25%

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2
Q

The liver is multipurpose, a few of its functions…

A
  1. Exocrine organ (bile acid secretion)
  2. Storage organ (glycogen, iron)
  3. Endocrine organ
  4. Metabolism/detoxification
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3
Q

Where do absorbed nutrients go before delivery to peripheral tissues

A

Liver

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4
Q

What nutrients does the liver process

A
  • Carbohydrates (glycogenesis/gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis)
  • AA -> functional proteins/pre-hormones
  • Store vitamins
  • Triglyceride handling
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5
Q

Uses of glucose in the liver of non-ruminants

A

Glycogen synthesis, f.a. synthesis

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6
Q

New glucose (gluconeogenesis) is formed from

A

Propionate, lactate, aa

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7
Q

Difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylopectin is branched, easier to get glucose from it
Both starch

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8
Q

What does the liver synthesize triglycerides from

A

Fatty acids that were synthesized in the liver (non-ruminants)
F.a. mobilized from adipose tissue

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9
Q

What fats does the liver synthesize

A

Triglycerides
Lipoproteins (VLDL)
Ketones

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10
Q

Function of lipoproteins

A

Transport TG around body

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11
Q

What does the liver synthesize with regards to proteins

A

Non-essential amino acids

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12
Q

Which aa can the liver synthesize

A

Tyrosine from phenylalanine
Cysteine from methionine
Glutamate from glutamine

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13
Q

What is phenylketonuria

A

Lack of enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine = phe accumulates (toxic to brain) = brain damage

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14
Q

How does the liver detoxify ammonia

A

Urea production
Glutamine production

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15
Q

Things the liver is responsible for synthesizing

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Coagulation factors
  3. Transport proteins
  4. Immunologic proteins (e.g. complement)
  5. Bile salts
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16
Q

What is albumin? Responsible for…

A

Protein that transports non-esterified f.a. and drugs
Responsible for colloid osmotic pressures of plasma (keeps water in blood)

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17
Q

What happens when albumin is deficient

A

Colloid osmotic pressure fails = edema (swelling)

18
Q

Proteins the liver makes responsible for blood clotting…

A

Fibrinogen, prothrombin

19
Q

Protein made by liver that does iron transport

A

Transferrin

20
Q

How does the liver function in protection?

A
  1. Prevents bacteremia (bacteria that get across gut barrier)
  2. Breakdown toxins and hormones
21
Q

What kinds of toxins does the liver metabolize

A

Drugs and xenobiotics

22
Q

How does the liver clear drugs etc from the body

A

Makes them hydrophilic (converts non-ionic to anions)
This facilitates excretion by the kidney (cannot cross membranes) and prevents reabsorption

23
Q

If given meds, what must you do in terms of the liver to prevent excretion

A

Inhibit the liver enzyme responsible

24
Q

Are substances bound to proteins cleared by the kidneys?

A

No, the liver

25
Q

What happens when the liver is damaged

A

Stellate cells produce fibrous scar tissue to wall off damage
A lot of fibrous scarring = sclerosis or cirrhosis

26
Q

What endogenous and exogenous compounds does the liver excrete

A

Endo = bilirubin
Exo = antibiotics

27
Q

What is not excreted by the liver when someone has jaundice

A

Bilirubin

28
Q

Where is bilirubin found in someone with jaundice

A

Red blood cells
Extracted by hepatocytes

29
Q

Three causes of jaundice

A

Haemolytic: too much bilirubin in blood
Hepatic: liver is damaged, hepatocytes not functioning
Post-hepatic: after the liver

30
Q

GIT is drained into the liver by..

A

Hepatic portal vein

31
Q

Slide 16***

A

Splanchnic circulation

32
Q

The portal triad contains…

A
  • Hepatic artery
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Bile duct
33
Q

Histology of the liver contains

A

Central vein, portal triad, kuppfer cells, sinusoids, space of disse

34
Q

What are canaliculi

A

Canals join to bile ductules

35
Q

What are sinusoids

A

Spaces btw hepatic cords, venous capillary in the liver

36
Q

Characteristics of hepatocytes

A

Heterogeneous (cell population w diff roles)
Periportal or perivenous

37
Q

What is the space of disse

A

Peri-sinusoidal space

38
Q

What are kuppfer cells

A

Line the hepatic sinusoids
Remove bacteria, immune complexes, and damaged erythrocytes by endocytosis

39
Q

What are hepatocytes

A

Major cells in the liver

40
Q

Slide 30**

A

makes no sense

41
Q

How would the liver lower cholesterol levels

A

Excrete more bile acids

42
Q

Where are bile acids stored/concentrated

A

Gall bladder

An Sc 311 Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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