Lecture 7: Arthrology 2 Flashcards
Synovial Joints
Diarthroses, Freely Movable Joints, At ends of the long bones, Have articular capsules, Lined with synovial membrane
Articular Capsules
Dense irregular connective tissue proper,
Surrounds synovial joint
Structure of Articular Capsules
Outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue,
Inner layer of synovial membrane
Synovial Membrane
Loose connective tissue (outer layer) and a layer of secretory epithelial cells (inner layer),
Epithelial cells and fibroblasts secrete synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid
Decrease friction, Lubrication, Nutrient distribution, Shock absorption to prevent bones from coming together and compressing, Contains slippery molecules
Articular Cartilages
Cover articulating surfaces,
Hyaline cartilage,
Prevent bones from touching,
Smooth surface
Cartilages as Accessory Structure
Cushion the joint,
Contain meniscus
Menisci of Knee
Fibrous cartilage pad,
Provides stability,
Lateral/medial side,
Articular disc
Fat Pads of Knee
Superficial to join capsule,
Protect articular cartilages,
Cushions knee joint
Ligaments
Support/strengthen joints,
Connect bone to bone,
Dense regular connective tissue proper
Tendons
Attach to muscles around joint,
Help support joint,
Move joint,
Dense regular connective tissue proper
Bursae
Pockets of synovial fluid ‘pillows’,
Cushion areas where tendons/ligaments rub,
Located in regions of high friction,
Layer of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid,
Where the tendons and ligaments are
Dislocation
Luxation,
Forced out of position,
2 Joints out of line with each other,
Articulating surfaces forced out of position,
Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsules
Sublaxation
Partial dislocation,
Joints somewhat in contact
Sprain
Causes less stability,
Injury to a ligament, causes permanent elongation,
Tearing of collagen fibers,
Plastic deformation
Plastic Deformation
Stretching beyond capabilities without snapping back
Strain
Injury to a tendon and/or muscle,
Tearing of collagen fibers,
Partial tear vs complete tear,
Muscle/tendon pulls off bone and may need surgery
Types of Dynamic Motion
Linear Motion,
Angular Motion,
Rotation,
Circumduction
Planes of Dynamic Motion
Monaxial,
Biaxial,
Triaxial
Linear Joint Movement
Gliding,
One surface glides over another
Angular Joint Motion
Flexion,
Extension,
Abduction,
Adduction
Anatomical Hyperextension
Beyond anatomical position but without pain or injury/damage
Clinical Hyperextension
Beyond normal range of motion resulting in injury
Opposition
Thumb across palm
Circumduction
Bone describes the shape of a cone and distal end of bone forms a circle
Rotation
Movement around a vertical axis,
Internal/external rotation,
Left/right rotation at C1 and C2,
Pronation/supination of forearm
Gliding Joints
Plane Joints,
Flattened or slightly curved faces,
Limited motion (non axial),
Tough capsules and ligaments
Examples of Gliding Joints
Acromioclavicular Joints, Claviculosternal Joints, Intercarparl/Intertarsal Joints, Vertebrocostal Joints, Sacroiliac Joints
Acromioclavicular Joints
Acromion Process and Clavicle
Claviculosternal Joints
Clavicle and Manubrium of Sternum
Intercarpal/Intertarsal Joints
Between carpal/tarsal bones
Vertebrocostal Joints
Vertebrae and Joints
Sacroiliac Joint
Sacrum and Illium
Hinge Joints
Angular motion in a single plane
Example of Hinge Joints
Elbow,
Knee,
Ankle,
Interphalangeal
Pivot Joints
Rotation only (monaxial)
Examples of Pivot Joints
Atlas/Axis,
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Ellipsoid Joints
Similar to shallow ball-and-socket,
Oval articular face within a depression,
Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)
Examples of Ellipsoid Joints
Radiocarparl Joints,
Metacarpophalangeal Joints 2-5,
Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Saddle Joints
Two concave, straddled (biaxial)
Example of Saddle Joints
First caropometacarpal joint
Ball-And-Socket Joints
Round articular face in a depression (triaxial),
Flexion/extention,
Abduction/Adduction,
Rotation
Example of Ball-And-Socket Joints
Shoulder,
Hip
