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BIO 1110 > Lecture 7: Animal Evolution continued > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Animal Evolution continued Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 distinguishing characteristics of animals?

A
  1. animals are multicellular organisms
  2. Animals have tissues and organ systems
  3. Animals are the only kingdom of species that have nervous systems
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2
Q

What is the ancestor of animals? What are animal’s closest living relatives?

What are the 3 lines of evidence supporting the ancestral hypothesis?

A

The ancestor of animals were a suspension feeding, colonial PROTIST similar to the living CHOANOFLAGELLATES.

  1. Genes found in animals are only found in choanoflagellates, but no other protist group.
  2. There are morphological similarities in the collar cells of phyla porifera (sponges) and choanoflagellates
  3. Collar cells have been found in other animal groups, but not in fungi, plants, or other protists
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3
Q

Define bilateral symmetry

A 
Mirror images of the body are formed by slicing ONE plane through the middle of the animal. 
Bilaterally symmetrical animals have: 
- left and right sides
- Dorsal (top/back)
- Ventral (bottom/front)
- Posterior (tail)
- Anterior (head)
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4
Q

Describe the nervous system. Do other kingdoms of organisms have these?

A

The nervous system of an animal uses nerve impulses and muscles to move by coordinating different body parts
Only animals have a nervous system.

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5
Q

When do the earliest animal fossils date?

A

Approximately 656-550 million years ago.

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6
Q

Define diploblastic and identify the germ layers that will give rise to which tissue systems?

A

Diploblastic animals have TWO germ layers: Endoderm and Ectoderm that will give rise to the lining of the digestive cavity and most internal organs; the central nervous system

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7
Q

How many identified living species of animals are there? How many do they estimate are still unknown?

A

1.3 million living species identified

Estimates approaching 8 million are yet unidentified

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8
Q

What are the two major informal groups of animals? which group contains the vast majority of animal species?

A

Invertebrates (no backbone)
Vertebrates (backbone)

The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates

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9
Q

What are the 5 different body plans of animals?

A
  1. Body symmetry: radial or bilateral
  2. Tissue origin: Diploblastic or triploblastic
  3. Digestive cavity: alimentary canal or gastrovascular cavity
  4. Body cavity: coelom, pseudo-coelom, or no coelom
  5. Skeleton: endoskeleton, exoskeleton, or hydrastatic skeletion
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10
Q

What are the 5 different body plans of animals?

A
  1. Body symmetry: radial or bilateral
  2. Tissue origin: Diploblastic or triploblastic
  3. Digestive cavity: alimentary canal or gastrovascular cavity
  4. Body cavity: coelom, pseudo-coelom, or no coelom
  5. Skeleton: endoskeleton, exoskeleton, or hydrastatic skeletion
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11
Q

Define radial symmetry

A

Mirror images can be formed by slicing across more than one plane of the animal’s body. Radially symmetrical animals have no distinct right or left sides.

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12
Q

How does body symmetry (structure) relate to an animals lifestyle (function)?

A

Radially symmetrical animals are generally sessile or planktonic or weak swimmers.

whereas, bilaterally symmetrical species generally have a central nervous system that allows them to coordinate complex movements to fit their motile lifestyle. They also usually have sensory equipment concentrated in the anterior end (head).

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13
Q

T or F: All animals produce true tissues? Why/why not?

A

FALSE. Sponges do not

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14
Q

Describe the 3 different germ layers that animals can have?

A
  1. ENDODERM layer: the innermost layer that will become the lining of the digestive cavity and most internal organs
  2. SOME animals can form the MESODERM layer: a layer that will form between the endo- and ectoderm layer that will eventually become muscles, blood, and bones
  3. ECTODERM: the outer body layer that will become the central nervous system
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15
Q

Define germ layer

A

Embryonic layers of cells that form during development to eventually form different tissues in the adult organism

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16
Q

Define germ layer

A

Embryonic layers of cells that form during development to eventually form different tissues in the adult organism

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17
Q

Define triploblastic and identify the germ layers and which tissues they will give rise to?

A

Triploblastic animals contain all three germ layers (endo-, ecto, and mesoderm).
Endo: digestive cavity lining and most organs
Ectoderm: central nervous system
Mesoderm: blood, bones, muscles

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18
Q

What are the two kinds of digestive cavities found in animals?

A
  1. gastrovascular cavity

2. alimentary canal

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19
Q

Define gastrovascular cavity

A

A central cavity with a single opening that functions in digestion and distribution of nutrients.
Food enters and waste exits through the same opening

20
Q

Define alimentary canal

A

A complete digestive tract including an opening where food enters at the mouth and a second opening where waste exits through the anus

21
Q

Define coelom. Do triploblastics, diploblastics, or both have these?

A

A coelom is the fluid-filled body cavity (space) between the digestive cavity and the body wall where most internal organs are located to cushion organs and allow them to move independently from the body wall. The fluid provides resistance for muscle contractions in animals that don’t have hard skeletons.
Only triploblastic animals have coeloms, but not all of them.

22
Q

What are the two kinds of triploblastic animals with body cavities? describe them and their tissue origins.

A
  1. Coelomates: the body cavity is formed from the tissue derived from the mesoderm
  2. Pseudocoelomates: the body cavity is formed from tissue derived from both the MESODERM and the ENDODERM.
23
Q

What is the name for a triploblastic animal with no body cavity? What do they contain instead?

A

Acoelomates have a solid layer of MESODERM derived tissue that forms between the digestive tract and outer body covering

24
Q

Describe the 3 kinds of skeletons animals can have. Give an example of an animal for each.

A
  1. Exoskeleton: a rigid external support structure
    ex. Snail shells
  2. Endoskeleton: A rigid internal support structure
    ex. Humans, sea urchins
  3. Hydrostatic skeleton: A flexible support provided by fluid under pressure in a body compartment
    ex. earthworms
25
Q

What are the 9 animal phyla to know for this class?

A
  1. Annelida
  2. Arthropoda
  3. Cnidaria
  4. Chordata
  5. Echinodermata
  6. Mollusca
  7. Nematoda
  8. Porifera
  9. Platyhelminthes
26
Q

What are the 5 body plans, the habitats, structural complexity, and lifestyle for Annelida? Provide an example of an animal

A

Segmented worms (earthworms)

  • aquatic and terrestrial habitats
  • motile

body plans:

  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • alimentary canal
  • coelomate
  • hydrostatic skeleton
27
Q

What are the 5 body plans, the habitats, structural complexity, and lifestyle for Arthropoda? Provide an example of an animal

A

Insects, crustaceans, spiders

  • aquatic and terrestrial habitats
  • jointed appendages/segmentation
  • motile

Body plans:

  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • alimentary canal
  • coelomate
  • exoskeleton
28
Q

What are the 5 body plans, the habitats, structural complexity, and lifestyle for Platyhelminthes? Provide an example of an animal

A

Flatworms

  • parasitic or free living (motile)
  • aquatic habitats only

Body plans:

  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • gastrovascular cavity
  • Acoelomate (no body cavity)
  • hydrostatic skeleton
29
Q

What are the 5 body plans, the habitats, structural complexity, and lifestyle for Chordata? Provide an example of an animal

A

all vertebrates, tunicates and lancelets (invertebrates)

  • aquatic and terrestrial
  • motile
  • complex nervous systems
  • 4 specific derived traits

body plans:

  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • alimentary canal
  • coelomate
  • endoskeleton
30
Q

What are the 5 body plans, the habitats, structural complexity, and lifestyle for Echinodermata? Provide an example of an animal

A

sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

  • marine habitats
  • motile

body plan:

  • larva are bilateral and adults are radial symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • alimentary canal
  • coelomate
  • endoskeleton
31
Q

What are the 5 body plans, the habitats, structural complexity, and lifestyle for Mollusca? Provide an example of an animal

A

Snails, slugs, bivalves, octopus, squids

  • mostly aquatic, some terrestrial
  • filter feeders, grazers, or predators
  • sessile or motile

Body plans:

  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • alimentary canal
  • coelomate
  • exoskeleton: snails, slugs, bivalves
  • hydrostatic skeletons: octopus, squids
32
Q

What are the 4 vertebrate classes to know? Class names and common names

A
  1. Mammalia - mammals
  2. Reptilia - reptiles (including birds)
  3. Amphibia - amphibians
  4. Actinopterygii - ray-finned fish
33
Q

What are the 4 derived traits of chordates? At which life stage are they all present in every chordate? Describe each of them

A

All are present in at least the embryonic stage of all chordates

  1. Notochord: invertebral disks in some adults
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord: the adult brain and spinal cord
  3. pharyngeal slits: gills in fish or parts of the ear in terrestrial vertebrates
  4. post-anal tail: muscular tail that is lost during development in apes (including humans)
34
Q

What are the 3 key adaptations of ray-finned (bony) fish?

A
  1. Fins: supported by bony rays
  2. Gill: to breath in water through gas exchange
  3. Bony scales: for protection
35
Q

What 5 characteristics do all of the 4 chordates possess?

A
  1. head
  2. vertebrae
  3. jaws
  4. gills or lungs
  5. bony endoskeleton
36
Q

What are the 3 key adaptations of amphibians?

A
  1. amphibious - meaning they are able to live part of their lives in water and part on land
  2. moist skin that can conduct gas exchange and water retention for life on land
  3. eggs have no shells
37
Q

Example of ray-finned fish?

A

Most familiar fish species like salmon, cod, herring

38
Q

Example of amphibians?

A

frogs, salamanders, caecilians

39
Q

T or F: Amphibians, reptilians, and mammals all adapted the derived trait of 4 limbs

A

TRUE. Even reptiles at one stage developed 4 limbs. Traits can be lost through lineages too

40
Q

What is the key adaptation for reptiles?

A

The AMNIOTIC egg: an embryo supported in fluid filled sac to prevent dehydration and provide nutrients and protection for the embryo

41
Q

Which 2 chordate classes are considered amniotes?

A

Reptiles (including birds) and mammals

42
Q

Give examples of 2 distinct groups of reptiles and provide their differing characteristics

A
  1. Snakes, turtles, lizards and crocodiles have:
    - keratin scales
    - soft egg shells
    - are ECTOTHERMIC
  2. Birds have:
    - wings and feathers
    - hollow bones and no teeth
    - hard egg shells
    - are ENDOTHERMIC
43
Q

Define ectothermic vs. endothermic

A

ECTOthermic: internal temperature matches the temperature of surroundings - animal uses less metabolic energy for maintaining a body temperature

ENDOthermic: internal temperature is regulated through metabolism

44
Q

What is key adaptation of mammals?

A

Ability to produce milk for young

45
Q

What are the 3 kinds of mammals? Distinguish them

A
  1. Monotremes: lay eggs
  2. Marsupials: develop outside of mother’s body in pouches
  3. Eutherians: fetal development occurs inside mother’s body and is nourished by the placenta.
46
Q

What 4 characteristics do all mammals share?

A
  1. mammary glands to produce milk
  2. hair and fat layer
  3. specialized teeth
  4. ENDOTHERMIC

BIO 1110 (24 decks)

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