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BIO 1110 > Lecture 18: Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe mitosis, what are the steps?

A

cell division where each cell produces two identical daughter cells and each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

  1. 1 copy of DNA per chromosome
  2. replication: 2 copies of DNA per chromosome
  3. cell division: chromosomes split = 1 copy of DNA per chromosome and 1 chromosome per daughter cell
  4. product: 2 identical daughter cells
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2
Q

Describe meiosis - include steps

A

cell division where each cell produces FOUR unique daughter cells that each have HALF the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

  1. 1 copy of DNA per chromosomes
  2. Replication: 2 copies DNA per chromosomes
  3. cell division 1: homologous pairs split
  4. cell division 2: replicated chromosomes split
  5. products: 4 genetically unique daughter cells with half the chromosomes of parent cell
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3
Q

Describe haploid cells. Which cells are these?

A

1 copy of each chromosome per cell (n)

reproductive cells aka GAMETES (egg and sperm)

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4
Q

Describe diploid cells, which cells are these?

A

2 copies of each chromosome per cell (2n)

somatic cells aka body cells that aren’t reproductive cells

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5
Q

Describe a typical sexual life cycle in animals - identify the main stages and processes

A

Diploid stage –> meiosis –> haploid stage –> fertilization –> diploid stage

  1. females produce non-motile haploid (gametes) eggs by the process of MEIOSIS
  2. Males produce swimming haploid (gametes) sperm by the process of MEIOSIS
  3. Haploid gametes fuse by FERTILIZATION to form a diploid zygote
  4. diploid zygote divides by MITOSIS to produce a new multicellular individual
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6
Q

T or F: mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell therefore, the daughter cells are genetic clones

A

true

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7
Q

Describe and give examples of budding. State which kind of reproduction this is & give an example of animals

A

a form of asexual reproduction that occurs when new individuals grow as offshoots (buds) from the parent’s body and detach when they are self-sufficient

ex. cnidaria, porifera, and platyhelminthes
- hydra

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8
Q

Describe and give examples of fragmentation. State which kind of reproduction this is & give an example of animals

A

a form of asexual reproduction where one individual breaks into two or more parts and each part grows into a new individual

ex. some echinodermata, porifera, cnidaria, and annelida
- specific: coral

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9
Q

Describe and give examples of parthenogenesis. State which kind of reproduction this is & give an example of animals

A

a form of asexual reproduction that produces a diploid offspring from eggs that are not fertilized by sperm

ex. insects like aphids
some reptiles like anaconda
fish - sharks

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10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantages:

disadvantages:

  • complications finding a mate (time, energy)
  • energetically costly - courtship and competition
  • dangerous - risk of disease, predation, and injury
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11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

advantages:

  • the parent passes on 100% of its genetic material (offspring = genetically identical clones)
  • reproduction can occur sooner, more frequently, and with lower costs & complications

disadvantages:
- diversity is limited –> makes populations vulnerable to disease
- inability to adapt

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12
Q

define gonochoristic animals and give examples

A

sexual organisms that have one sexual organ on one individual
ex. humans

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13
Q

define hermaphroditic animals and give examples

A

both sexual organs on a single individual - can be simultaneous or sequential

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14
Q

describe the two kinds of hermaphroditic animals and provide examples

A
  1. simultaneous hermaphrodites: have both female and male reproductive structures (ex. earthworms)
  2. sequential hermaphrodites change sex during their lifetime (ex. parrot fish)
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15
Q

describe external fertilization

A

female releases eggs into the aquatic or moist terrestrial habitat and males release sperm onto them

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16
Q

describe internal fertilization

A

sperm deposited inside female reproductive tract and egg is fertilized inside female’s body

17
Q

describe and give examples of oviparous

A

species in which offspring develop in eggs (outside of their mother)

  • nourished by egg yolk and hatch externally
18
Q

describe and give examples of viviparous

A

species in which offspring develop inside of their mother, not within an egg

  • nourished by placenta and live birth
19
Q

describe and give examples of ovoviviparous

A

species in which offspring develop inside of an egg inside of their mother until they are ready to hatch

  • nourished by yolk and live birth
20
Q

T or F: meiosis only occurs in the reproductive organs of sexually reproducing animals? why/why not?

A

TRUE because meiosis produces haploid cells/gametes which are the reproductive cells in animals

21
Q

Which cell division process would a diploid cell use to produce haploid cells?

A

MEIOSIS

22
Q

Which cell division process would a diploid cell use to produce haploid cells?

A

MEIOSIS

23
Q

Haploid cells undergo which process to produce new diploid cells?

A

FERTILIZATION

24
Q

Define fertilization

A

the process in a sexual lifecycle that occurs when the male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female gamete (egg) to produce a diploid zygote

25
Q

Are zygotes diploid or haploid? why?

A

Diploid because they are the product of two haploid cells fusing and the product of the process fertilization

26
Q

Are zygotes diploid or haploid? why?

A

Diploid because they are the product of two haploid cells fusing and the product of the process fertilization

27
Q

Describe sexual reproduction

A

occurs through internal fertilization to produce a genetically unique individual

the individual is genetically unique because half the chromosomes come from the mom and half from the dad

28
Q

What cell division process is involved in budding and fragmentation?

A

MITOSIS because it produces genetically identical clones

29
Q

T or F: many species that mostly use asexual reproduction will have sex and produce genetically unique offspring at some stage in their life cycle

A

True. example aphids reproduce by parthenogenesis all summer, but reproduce sexually in the fall when environmental conditions start changing

30
Q

Define broadcast fertilization and provide an example

A

release masses of eggs and sperm into the water sos the sperm swim to eggs

ex. sea urchins

31
Q

what is a major advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization?

A

There is a higher chance of successful reproduction when its directly inside the female

32
Q

T or F: all three types of offspring development are represented by species of fish in the group referred to as sharks

A

True

33
Q

T or F: all three types of offspring development are represented by species of fish in the group referred to as sharks

A

True

34
Q

Which of the offspring development types can be associated with external fertilization?

A

oviparity

if embryos develop inside mothers body, then fertilization must be internal

BIO 1110 (24 decks)

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