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BIO 1110 > Lecture 4: The Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Lecture 4: The Diversity of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 major abiotic factors that all life requires? explain them

A
  1. WATER is a neutral solvent that fills cells and is where most chemical and metabolic reactions occur.
  2. GASES like carbon dioxide and oxygen are reactants in the essential chemical process photosynthesis and the essential metabolic process cellular respiration. Both these processes are the basis for life.
  3. SUNLIGHT is the source of energy for photosynthetic organisms and indirectly for other heterotrophic organisms. Sunlight also effects TEMPERATURE and ensures there is a temperature range within which life can be supported.
  4. MINERAL NUTRIENTS are required by all forms of life to enable metabolic and chemical functions to occur. Such as, Nitrogen is needed to build DNA and proteins.
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2
Q

What are the 2 metabolic sources? explain them and provide examples

A
  1. carbon sources: all organic compounds that come from living sources contain carbon (ex. proteins, DNA, lipids)
  2. Energy sources: energy that comes from sunlight and chemical sources.
    Chemical energy is released through the breakdown of organic and inorganic compounds
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3
Q

What are the 4 nutritional modes are that classified by the metabolic sources (carbon and energy)?

A
  1. Photoautotroph
  2. chemoautotroph
  3. photoheterotroph
  4. chemoheterotroph
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4
Q

What does “photo” mean?

A

they obtain ENERGY from SUNLIGHT

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5
Q

What does “auto” mean?

A

They obtain CARBON from INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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6
Q

What does “chemo” mean?

A

they obtain ENERGY from ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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7
Q

What does “hetero” mean?

A

they obtain CARBON from ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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8
Q

Give an example of photoautotrophs. Why?

A

Plants are photoautotrophs because they obtain their energy from sunlight and their carbon source from inorganic compounds (CO2).

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9
Q

Give an example of chemoautotrophs. Why?

A

Only prokaryotes can be chemoautotrophs, like nitrogen fixing bacteria that obtain energy in the organic compounds of sugars and carbon in the inorganic form from their plant symbiont.

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10
Q

Give an example of photoheterotrophs. Why?

A

Halophilic bacteria are photoheterotrophs because they obtain energy from sunlight and carbon from dissolved organic compounds.

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11
Q

T or F: Prokaryotes include all 4 nutritional modes?

A

True

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12
Q

What were the very first living beings?

A

PROKARYOTES that formed the Stromatolite rocks approx. 3.5 billion years ago.

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13
Q

What are 4 main characteristics of prokaryotic organisms that are different from eukaryotic organisms?

A
  1. all of them are unicellular
  2. all of them are microscopic in size
  3. a simple structure
  4. a single chromosome
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14
Q

In what ways have prokaryotes been successful?

A
  • Prokaryotes are the oldest living organisms on earth
  • they have diverse nutritional modes (all 4)
  • they have adapted to all habitats on earth (ex. hydrothermal vents, extreme salinity or heat)
  • they can reproduce rapidly because they have a single chromosome
  • they are in abundance everywhere (more in a handful of soil than people who ever lived)
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15
Q

What are the 5 similarities between Domain bacteria and Domain Archaea?

A
  1. They both have cell walls
  2. They both have ribosomes
  3. They both have singular circular chromosome
  4. They both lack a nucleus
  5. They both lack organelles
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16
Q

What are the 4 differences between Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

A
  1. the composition of their cell walls differ
  2. their DNA structure differs
  3. They use different proteins to copy DNA
  4. They use a different start codon to build proteins
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17
Q

T or F: Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are more closely related than Domain Archaea and Domain Eukarya

A

FALSE: Domain Archaea and Domain Eukarya are more closely related than either are to Domain Bacteria. Archaea and Eukarya form a systematic clade.

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18
Q

What are the 3 Domains? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Domain Bacteria: cyanobacteria
  2. Domain Archaea: Thermophiles and Halophiles
  3. Domain Eukarya: plants
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19
Q

What are thermophiles? Which domain do they belong to?

A

Species of Archaea that thrive in temperatures up to 120 degrees C.

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20
Q

What are Halophiles? Which domain do they belong to?

A

Species of Archaea that tolerate or require extreme salinity for survival.

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21
Q

What are Methanogens? Which domain do they belong to?

A

Species of Archaea that live in anoxic (no oxygen) conditions like beneath the permafrost layer, in peat, or in the guts of cows and termites and produce methane.

22
Q

What are prokaryotes (D. Bacteria and D. Archaea) ecological roles?

A

NUTRIENT CYCLING:

  • decomposition
  • photosynthesis
  • Nitrogen metabolism

SPECIES INTERACTION:

  • mutualism
  • parasitism
23
Q

Describe how prokaryotes are involved in the ecological role of decomposition?

A

Both archaea and bacteria make up the majority of decomposers on earth. These prokaryotes break down dead organisms and release mineral nutrients into the soil in plant available forms.

24
Q

Describe how prokaryotes are involved in photosynthesis?

A

Some bacteria are capable of photosynthesis (Photoheterotrophs). Cyanobacteria are the earliest form of photosynthetic organisms and are responsible for the Stromatolite rock formations

25
Q

Describe how prokaryotes are involved in photosynthesis?

A

Some bacteria are capable of photosynthesis (Photoheterotrophs). Cyanobacteria are the earliest form of photosynthetic organisms and are responsible for the Stromatolite rock formations and for releasing O2 into the air and ocean.

26
Q

Describe how prokaryotes are involved in Nitrogen Metabolism?

A

Eukaryotes cannot use the form of nitrogen found in the atmosphere (N2) and Nitrogen is required for the production of DNA and proteins. So, prokaryotes like nitrogen-fixing bacteria, perform NITROGEN FIXATION by breaking down Nitrogen gas (N2) and converting it into plant available forms like ammonium (NH3).

27
Q

Describe how prokaryotes are involved in mutualist ecological interactions?

A

Some prokaryotes form mutualist relationships with other species. for example, the nitrogen fixing bacteria and the legume plant family.

28
Q

How should mutualism be described?

A

ALWAYS in terms of survival and reproduction. Identify both species, what one organism is sacrificing for the other, and what one organism is receiving from the other.

29
Q

Define mutualism. give an example.

A

An ecological interaction that benefits the survival and reproduction of both species involved. ex. Nitrogen fixing bacteria and legume plants have a mutualist relationship wherein the bacteria provides usable N in the form of ammonium to the plant, which the plant cannot obtain on its own (as it cannot break down the triple bond of N2), and in return, the plant provides the bacteria sugars it needs to survive and a place to live (in the root nodules of the plant).

30
Q

Define parasitism. Give an example

A

Parasitism is an ecological interaction that benefits the survival and reproduction of one species at the expense of the other. For example, pathogens are disease causing parasitic microbes.
Many STI’s and food borne illnesses are caused by bacterial pathogens

31
Q

What are some examples of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens (prokaryotes)?

A

Chlamydia (STI), Botulism (food borne), Tuberculosis (respiratory infection)

32
Q

What is the relationship between humans and prokaryotes?

A

Trillions of prokaryotic organisms live in the human microbiome. Most are harmless (healthy gut bacteria), many are mutualistic, some are pathogenic (ie. the ones that cause STIs, food borne illnesses, and respiratory infections).

33
Q

What are 3 examples of human uses for prokaryotes?

A
  1. Food production: bacteria are used in the production of many of our foods, like yogurt and cheese. Consumption of these products helps restore beneficial bacteria to the human gut.
  2. Biotechnology: Some bacteria can be used to make biodegradable plastics
  3. Bioremediation: some types of bacteria can eat pollutants such as sewage, petroleum products (plastics, oil, etc.), uranium and metabolize them into harmless products
34
Q

Which sub-group of eukaryotes represent the most diversity of the domain?

A

Protists

35
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

Most of them are unicellular

36
Q

Why are protists no longer classified as one kingdom, but instead divided as a sub-group into the different kingdoms?

A

DNA research has shown that protists share a closer relative with plants, animals, and fungi than they do with other protists.

37
Q

Describe animal-like protists and give an example

A

Animal-like protists are CHEMOHETEROTROPHS (like animals) they CONSUME OTHER organisms for energy.
They are called: ZOOPLANKTON ex. Amoebas or parasitic Malaria

38
Q

Describe plant-like protists and give an example

A

Plant-like protists are PHOTOAUTOTROPHS (like plants) they make sugar using PHOTOSYNTHESIS
They are called: PHYTOPLANKTON
Ex. Volvox (colonial); Most green algae (unicellular); seaweed (multicellular)

39
Q

Which of the plant-like protists are unicellular? colonial? multicellular?

A

Unicellular: most green algae
Colonial: volvox
Multicellular: seaweed

40
Q

Which protists do zooplankton feed on?

A

Zooplankton are the animal-like protists that feed on the Phytoplankton, the photosynthetic plant-like protists

41
Q

Describe fungus-like protists and give an example

A

Fungus-like protists are CHEMOHETEROTROPHS (like fungi) they feed by ABSORPTION.
These protists decompose dead OM and continue the nutrient cycle

42
Q

Describe Kingdom Fungi. Which domain does it belong? What nutritional mode does it use? Are they multicellular or unicellular?

A

Kingdom Fungi include fungus organisms.
They are all CHEMOHETEROTROPHS and they absorb their nutrients outside of their bodies by releasing enzymes to breakdown organic material.
They are all multicellular, except for the unicellular yeast.

43
Q

What is a similarity between Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Plantae? How is it slightly different though?

A

Organisms in Kingdom Fungi, like plants, have cell walls. But unlike plants, fungi cell walls are composed of chitin.

44
Q

What are hyphae? what is their function? which kingdom includes species that have hyphae?

A

Hyphae are an underground network of branched filaments that make up the body of a fungus. In some species, they combine to form the fruiting/reproductive structure called the mushroom (altogether called the mycelium).
Hyphae absorb nutrients and water from their surroundings

45
Q

How come prokaryotes are so successful? In terms of abundance and distribution.

A

They have been able to adapt to live in every habitat in the world, including deep sea hydrothermal vents and salt lakes. They can use all 4 nutritional modes to obtain energy and carbon sources for their metabolic processes.

46
Q

Describe the significant differences between the 3 different kinds of protists?

A

All 3 protist types are different, but animal-like protists and fungus-like protists have the same nutritional mode, although the method of consumption is different. Animal-like protists (zooplankton), are chemoautotrophic feeders, which means they depend on consuming other organisms for their carbon and energy sources. Similarly, fungus-like protists are also chemoheterotrophs, but they differ from zooplankton because fungus-protists release enzymes to breakdown organic materials to absorb from outside of their bodies.
Completely in contrast to both these protist types, are plant-like protists (phytoplankton), which are photoautotrophs, meaning they can obtain energy through photosynthesis and gain carbon through the inorganic molecule, carbon dioxide.

47
Q

Describe the significant differences between the 3 different kinds of protists?

A

All 3 protist types are different, but animal-like protists and fungus-like protists have the same nutritional mode, although the method of consumption is different. Animal-like protists (zooplankton), are chemoautotrophic feeders, which means they depend on consuming other organisms for their carbon and energy sources. Similarly, fungus-like protists are also chemoheterotrophs, but they differ from zooplankton because fungus-protists release enzymes to breakdown organic materials to absorb from outside of their bodies.
Completely in contrast to both these protist types, are plant-like protists (phytoplankton), which are photoautotrophs, meaning they can obtain energy through photosynthesis and gain carbon through the inorganic molecule, carbon dioxide.

48
Q

What is the ecological role of the animal-like protists?

A

MUTUALISTIC relationships such as pathogens like the animal-like protist species, Malaria.
Some animal-like protists form mutual relationships that benefit both the species involved, like the wood-digesting protists that inhabit the guts of termites.

49
Q

What is the ecological role of the plant-like protists?

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIZERS. In aquatic ecosystems, plant-like protists make up the base of the food web, as they can create energy in the form of sugar through the conversion of sunlight and carbon dioxide and produce oxygen!

50
Q

What is the ecological role of the fungus-like protists?

A

DECOMPOSERS. Fungus-like protists release an enzyme that can break down the organic material in the soil and return important nutrients back into the soil in plant available forms (continuing the nutrient cycles).

51
Q

T or F: Fungi make up the majority of decomposers on earth? why/why not?

A

FALSE. Bacteria and Archaea make up the vast majority of decomposers on this earth because the decomposing species are innumerable and present in every ecosystem, whereas fungi are only found in some ecosystems.

BIO 1110 (24 decks)

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