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BIO 1110 > Lecture 19: Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

describe vegetative asexual reproduction in plants and give examples

A

offspring develop from the vegetative structures (shoots/roots) of mature plants
ex. fragmentation and budding

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2
Q

describe the generalized sexual life cycle of plants and identify the main stages and processes

A
  1. diploids produce non-motile haploid spores by meiosis
  2. haploid spores divide by mitosis to form haploid multicellular gametophytes
  3. haploid gametophytes divide by mitosis to produce haploid gametes
  4. haploid gametes fuse (fertilization) to form a diploid zygote
  5. diploid zygote divides by mitosis to from multicellular sporophyte
  6. repeat
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3
Q

Describe alternation of generations

A

the plant sexual life cycle includes two multicellular generations:

  1. diploid sporophyte makes haploid spores
  2. haploid gametophyte makes haploid gametes
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4
Q

describe the life cycles of bryophytes - including how the sperm travels to egg, the structures included (haploid or diploid), and the steps of the cycle

A

Moss gametophytes are either male (produce sperm) or female (produce eggs).

Moss sperm have to swim through the environment in a film of water to reach the egg

STRUCTURES:
the tall structures that are hard to see are the diploid SPOROPHYTES and the actual moss is the GAMETOPHYTE

STEPS:

  1. haploid sporophytes (the tall structures) release spores to germinate
  2. once germinated, the haploid spores will divide by MITOSIS to produce multicellular HAPLOID plants (gametophytes)
  3. Gametophytes will divide by MITOSIS to produce haploid gametes (egg and sperm)
  4. gametes fuse inside the female archegonium to produce a DIPLOID zygote
  5. Diploid zygote undergoes MITOSIS to produce a diploid embryo inside the archegonium, where it is nursed by the mother gametophyte
  6. inside the spore capsule of the mature female gametophyte, MEIOSIS occurs to produce a SPOROPHYTE that will grow out of the archegonium and release new spores to repeat the cycle.
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5
Q

describe the life cycles of seedless vascular (ferns)

A

STRUCTURES:
- sori are the clusters of sporangia on the bottom of fern fronds where spores form inside

STEPS:

  1. diploid sporophytes (ferns) undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores
  2. haploid spores are dispersed to germinate
  3. spores undergo mitosis to produce multicellular HERMAPHRODITIC gametophyte (one gametophyte can produce both eggs and sperm)
    * Gametophyte grows independently of sporophyte
  4. eggs and sperm develop inside the mature gametophyte through mitosis
  5. one egg gets fertilized per gametophyte (even if there are multiple eggs in the archegonia)
  6. Fertilized egg within archegonium undergoes MITOSIS to develop into a sporophyte
  7. sporophyte nourished by gametophyte but will eventually become independent and gametophyte will die off.

** unique to ferns, there is now a completely independent sporophyte generation

  1. mature sporophyte becomes dominant stage of life cycle
  2. mature sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores and cycle repeats
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6
Q

describe the life cycles of gymnosperms

A

STRUCTURES:
- male and female cones

STEPS:

  1. mature sporophyte contains male and female cones which undergo MEIOSIS to produce haploid spores within the MALE sporangia
  2. spores develop through MITOSIS to form male gametophytes (pollen grain) inside the sporangia
  3. the female spore is retained within the female sporangium and surrounded by a protective coating that will form the seed coat after fertilization – produces haploid spores through MEIOSIS
  4. haploid spore divides by mitosis to form female gametophyte inside the archegonium
  5. male pollen grain lands on female gametophyte (pollination)
  6. pollen tube grows down female sporangium and into ovule to release sperm
  7. fertilization produces a diploid zygote
  8. diploid zygote divides by Mitosis to form a sporophyte embryo
  9. seed forms around sporophyte embryo and will not leave the female structure until the cone is fully matured
  10. seeds released and will germinate to form sporophyte seedlings when conditions are right
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7
Q

describe the life cycles of angiosperms

A
  1. female and male sporangia undergo MEIOSIS to produce diploid spores
  2. male spore undergoes MITOSIS to produce pollen grain
  3. pollen grain travels from anther to stigma and down into the female reproductive structure to fertilize egg
  4. ovules and sporangium are inside the ovary where MEIOSIS occurs to produce female spores
  5. spores undergo MITOSIS to produce female gametophyte to form an egg in the archegonium
  6. fertilization produces a diploid zygote
  7. zygote undergoes MITOSIS to produce an embryo surrounded by food source and seed coat
  8. seed will disperse and germinate to produce new sporophyte seedlings
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8
Q

describe the structure and function of flowers

A

Female reproductive organ:

  • PISTIL/carpel which have:
  • stigma
  • style
  • ovary

Male reproductive organ:

  • STAMEN which have:
  • anther
  • filament

Most flowers have:

  • sepals
  • petals
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9
Q

describe the structure and function of fruit

A

fruits develop from the ovary that surrounds a seed and can be fleshy (like plums) or dry (like nuts).

Fruits protect seeds and aid in dispersal

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10
Q

describe pollination in angiosperms

A

pollen grain from an anther lands on stigma and germinates

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11
Q

describe pollen tube formation in angiosperms

A

After a pollen grain from an anther of one plant has landed on the stigma of another (pollination), it will germinate and a pollen tube will grow down the style into the ovary and into an ovule

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12
Q

describe fertilization in angiosperms

A

A pollen grain will develop a pollen tube that grows down the style so the sperm can move into an ovary and into one ovule to fertilize an egg

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13
Q

What’s the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis produces TWO identical daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes
Mitosis produces HAPLOID GAMETOPHYES and DIPLOID ZYGOTES

Meiosis produces FOUR genetically unique daughter cells all with half the chromosomes as the parent
Meiosis produces HAPLOID SPORES

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14
Q

T or F: gametes are produced by mitosis because of the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid generations

A

TRUE

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15
Q

T or F: Haploid spores can grow into female, male, or hermaphroditic gametophytes

A

TRUE

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16
Q

T or F: Meiosis produces gametes, not spores

A

FALSE. Meiosis produces 4 haploid SPORES

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17
Q

T or F: gametophytes cannot undergo meiosis again. why or why not?

A

TRUE because the gametophytes have already undergone meiosis, so they have to go through MITOSIS to produce sperm or eggs

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18
Q

Do gametophytes undergo meiosis or mitosis to produce sperm or eggs (gametes)?

A

MITOSIS

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19
Q

What’s a major difference between the general sexual life cycle of plants and animals?

A

In animals, diploid cells go through meiosis to produce gametes.
Whereas in plants, haploid cells (gametophytes) undergo mitosis to produce gametes.

In plants, a diploid zygote undergoes MITOSIS to produce the sporophyte (true plant).
Whereas, in humans, ?

Animals only have one generation of multicellular haploid and diploid life cycles. Whereas plants have an alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid generations.

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20
Q

How is the moss/bryophyte sexual life cycle similar/different to humans?

A

Like humans, moss fertilization is internal. Moss sperm are released and swim into the archegonium of the female to reach the egg.

Unlike human sperm, moss sperm has to swim through a moist environment to reach the egg.
Whereas in humans, the sperm is ejaculated directly into the female reproductive tract.

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21
Q

T or F: in mosses, the tall structure is the gametophyte and the moss is the sporophyte

A

FALSE. the tall tiny structures are the sporophytes and the moss is the gametophyte

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22
Q

T or F: Sporophytes are always haploid

A

FALSE. they are always DIPLOID

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23
Q

How can we tell the process is mitosis?

A

HAPLOIDS cannot undergo MEIOSIS, they can only undergo MITOSIS because they are already halved
- so if the product is a haploid, it’s mitosis

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24
Q

T or F: Diploids can undergo either meiosis or mitosis?

A

True

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25
Q

In mosses, does the mother gametophyte nurture the embryo inside its archegonium?

A

Yes

26
Q

Describe sori and which plants have them

A

Sori are clusters of sporangia found on the bottom of fern fronds where spores form

27
Q

T or F: the gametophyte of ferns are hermaphroditic

A

True.

28
Q

T or F: diploid sporophytes always undergo MEIOSIS to produce haploid spores

A

TRUE

29
Q

if fern gametophytes are hermaphroditic, how do they avoid self-fertilization? why would they not want to self-fertilize?

A

Sperm cells are released before the egg cell is mature.

Ensuring they fertilize other eggs, they increase genetic variation by outcrossing and mating with different individuals

30
Q

T or F: Ferns are the only plants that have a lifecycle with a completely independent sporophyte generation

A

TRUE

31
Q

What is the product of fertilization in angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

Seeds

32
Q

T or F: compared to ferns and mosses, angiosperms and gymnosperms have highly reduced gametophytes?

A

True, their gametophytes are very small structures that are protected inside the sporophyte

33
Q

Describe pollen grains

A

the male gametophytes that are released and transported to the female reproductive structures by wind, water, or animals

34
Q

What are 3 ways pollen grains are transported to female reproductive structures?

A

wind, water, animals

35
Q

All seed plants share which 2 key adaptations?

A
  1. pollen

2. seeds

36
Q

What structures do gymnosperms produce their pollen and seeds?

A

inside cones

37
Q

What structures do angiosperms produce their pollen and seeds?

A

Inside flowers

38
Q

T or F: in angiosperms and gymnosperms, fertilization occurs immediately after the pollen grains contact the female reproductive parts -why/why not?

A

FALSE. this is only pollination.
The pollen grains have to grow a pollen tubule to reach down to the ovary of the female structure so the egg can be fertilized

39
Q

Describe the process of pollination

A

the process of pollen grains reaching the female reproductive parts

40
Q

How many types of cones do gymnosperms typically produce? what are they?

A

they produce 2:

  1. male cone produces POLLEN GRAINS (male gametophytes) that produce sperm
  2. female cones produces eggs
41
Q

Describe the male gametophyte in gymnosperms

A

The male cone produces pollen grains (the male gametophyte) to be released from the parent sporophyte and reach the female reproductive structure (pollination) to develop and fertilize the female egg.

42
Q

Describe the female gametophyte in gymnosperms

A

the female cone produces eggs that develop inside an ovule and are retained within the tissues of the parent sporophyte and do not leave until the egg has been fertilized and the seed has formed

43
Q

What are the main differences between the gymnosperm and angiosperm sexual life cycle?

A

In gymnosperms, pollen and seeds are produced in cones. whereas in angiosperms, pollen is produced in flowers and seeds are produced in fruit

Also, fertilization in gymnosperms can take a very long time, whereas in angiosperms it can happen within minutes

Angiosperms produce fruit and flowers, whereas gymnosperms do not have the mechanisms to attract animal pollinators

angiosperms have animal pollinators, whereas gymnosperms rely on wind transfer,

44
Q

T or F: in angiosperms and gymnosperms, the sporophyte life cycle is dominant and gametophytes are completely dependent on the sporophyte

A

TRUE

45
Q

What happens when a pollen grain germinates on the female reproductive structure?

A

it grows a pollen tube into the female cone

46
Q

What is produced inside a pollen tube when it has germinated and begins to grow? What process does this lead to ?

A

Sperm is produced inside the pollen tube and when the sperm reaches the egg, fertilization occurs.

47
Q

T or F: In gymnosperms, fertilization can take a very long time, but in angiosperms, fertilization can happen within minutes?

A

TRUE

48
Q

T or F: angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants on earth

A

TRUE!

49
Q

How have angiosperms become so diverse and successful?

A

the result of natural selection on fruits and flowers by pollinators and seed dispersers

50
Q

What are the names of the structures that make up the female reproductive organ in angiosperms? What about males?

A

Female aka Pistil/carpel:

  • stigma
  • style
  • ovary

Male aka Stamen:

  • anther
  • filaments
51
Q

Plants that are pollinated by wind tend to have flowers with…

A
  • lots of SA on stigma to catch pollen
  • large anthers to release a lot of pollen
  • high production of pollen grains
  • anthers and stigma that hang out of the plant
  • no colourful or scented petals or nectars
52
Q

Plants that are pollinated by insects tend to have flowers with…

A
  • colourful petals
  • coloured markings to direct insects to the nectar
  • anthers and stigmas smaller and inside the petals
  • produce less pollen
  • produce smaller amounts of nectar
  • usually scented
53
Q

Plants that are pollinated by birds tend to have flowers with…

A
  • generally red coloured petals to attract birds
  • larger petals
  • petals fused into tubes
  • produce lots of nectar (food for birds)
  • have anthers and stigma that extend beyond petals so that birds brush against them and gather pollen
54
Q

T or F: flowers are hermaphrodites, but some species separate male and female flowers

A

True, flowers usually have both male and female reproductive organs

some species have male and female flowers separated, some have them both on the same plant

55
Q

What is the term for plant species that have separate male and female plants?

A

dioecious

56
Q

Which part of the plant develops into a seed and fruit when fertilized?

A

After fertilization, OVULES develop into seeds and the ovary surrounding the seed becomes the fruit

57
Q

How are dry fruits dispersed?

A

with or without animal helpers

  • nuts can be buried and forgotten by squirrels
  • some have hooks and spines that can attach to fur
  • wind or water dispersal
58
Q

How are fleshy fruits dispersed?

A

usually through the digestive system of animals

because fleshy fruits are soft, high in sugar, and have bright colours, they are often either eaten whole and seeds pass through or are regurgitated

59
Q

Which group of plants has a dominant gametophyte stage?

A

BRYOPHYTES

60
Q

Angiosperms, gymnosperms, and seedless vasculars like ferns have a dominant gametophyte or sporophyte stage? and which one relies on the other for nutrients?

A

Sporophyte is dominant, gametophyte relies on sporophyte for nutrition

BIO 1110 (24 decks)

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