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Alia - Biology > Lecture 7/8-Nucleic Acids + Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Lecture 7/8-Nucleic Acids + Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe nucleic acids?

A

Where organism store PROTEIN STRUCTURE information in macromolecules

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2
Q

How is information stored in nucleic acids passed on to daughter cells?

A

During cell divison

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3
Q

What do nucleic acids serve as?

A

STORAGE UNITS for our unique hereditary info

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4
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Necessary information to make proteins

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5
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

TRANSLATES the info found in DNA

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6
Q

Name 2 polynucleotides?

A

DNA + RNA

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7
Q

What are the 3 building blocks of a nucleotide?

A
  • Sugar (ribose/2-deoxy ribose)
  • Nitrogenous base
  • Phosphate group
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8
Q

What is a nitrogenous base?

A

Nucleobase

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9
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Nucleobase + sugar

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10
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside + sugar + phosphate

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11
Q

How is a nucleotide normally named after?

A

Its nucleobase

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12
Q

If a nucleotide has 2 / 3 additional phosphates, what would you call them?

A
  • Nucleotide diphosphate

- Nucleotide triphosphate

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13
Q

Can nucleotides be cyclic

A

YES

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14
Q

How do you form a nucleoside?

A

Attach a sugar with a beta-N-glycosidic link

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15
Q

What is Adenosine formed from?

A

The nucleobase adenine + ribose

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16
Q

What two forms can nucleobases be?

A

Pyrimidines / purines

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17
Q

What defines a nucleobase as pyrimidine?

A

Heterocyclic organic compounds consisting of a pyrimidine ring

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18
Q

Name 3 pyrimidine nucleobases?

A

Cytosine , Uracil , Thymine

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19
Q

What defines a nucleobase purine?

A

Heterocyclic organic compounds consisting of a pyrimidine ring FUSED to an imidazole ring

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20
Q

Name 2 purine nucleobases?

A

Adenine / Guanine

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21
Q

Name 2 multiphosphroylated nucleotides?

A

ATP / GTP

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22
Q

Name the other deoxy forms of DNA

A

dATP / ddATP

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23
Q

What is NAD+?

A

A co-enzyme involved in cellular reactions

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24
Q

What is the phosphorylated form of NAD+?

A

NADP+

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25
Q

What do NAD+ + NADP+ act as?

A

E- acceptors (oxidising agents)

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26
Q

How can cyclic AMP be produces?

A

By ADENYLATE CYCLASE

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27
Q

What is cAMP important in?

A

A cell signalling molecule

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28
Q

What can you do to ATP in order to release energy?

A

DEPHOSPHORYLATED

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29
Q

What is GTP important in?

A

Protein synthesis + cell signalling

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30
Q

What is DNA ?

A

A polymer made from nucleotides

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31
Q

How is the sugar-phosphate backbone formed?

A

The phosphate on 1 nucleotide COVALENTLY LINKS via a PHOSPHODIESTER BOND to the 2-deoxy ribose sugar on the next one

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32
Q

What protrudes from each sugar unit?

A

The Nitrogenous bases

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33
Q

How is the double helix of DNA formed?

A

2 strands twist around each other

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34
Q

How are the 2 DNA strands complementary to each other?

A

Orientation + nitrogenous bases

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35
Q

Who discovered the DNA structure?

A

Watson + Crick 1953

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36
Q

Are DNA strands parallel or antiparallel?

A

Antiparallel

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37
Q

How are strands read?

A

from 5’ to 3’

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38
Q

What types of ends do complementary strands?

A

asymmetric ends

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39
Q

What are genes?

A

Portions of DNA

40
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

They carry the instructions for making proteins

41
Q

What do the order of bases determine?

A

The order of AA in the protein (genetic code)

42
Q

What do proteins determine?

A

Cell structure, function, identity

43
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

The number + appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

44
Q

What are the differences between DNA + RNA?

A

Ribose vs Deoxyribose
Single-stranded vs Double-stranded
Uracil vs Thymine

45
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

Converts the genetic info in DNA —-> template used to construct a protein molecule

46
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

Help transport AA that build the polypeptide chain of a protein

47
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

Makes up the ribosomes (the organelles that translate the mRNA)

48
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

Information in nucleic acid can be perpetuated / transferred , but the transfer of info into protein is IRREVERSIBLE

49
Q

What are the 4 uses of DNA?

A
  • Forensic DNA “fingerprint” analysis
  • DNA sequencing + somatic gene therapy
  • Genetic engineering to make/change proteins (insulin)
  • Gene editing using CRISPR
50
Q

What breaks apart the DNA strands?

A

RNA POLYMERASE

51
Q

H ow is a single strand of mRNA transcribed from the template strand?

A

Using the base pair rule

52
Q

Where are the required nucleotides found used in mRNA synthesis?

A

Freely in the nucleus

53
Q

How is the pre-mRNA cap formed?

A

From phosphorylated 7-methyl guanosine via guanylyltransferase

54
Q

What dies the 5’ pre-mRNA cap ensure?

A
  • The mRNA is exported out of the nucleus
  • Blocks degradation via 5’ exonucleases
  • Promotes translation
55
Q

How is the pre-mRNA 3’ poly-A-tail formed?

A
  • The pre-mRNA = cleaved by an endonuclease near a signal AAUAAA sequence at the 3’ end
  • appr.200 adenosine residues are added by poly-A polymerase
56
Q

What does the 3’ poly-A-tail do in the pre-mRNA?

A
  • Protects the mRNA from degradation by 3’ exonucleases
  • aids in termination of transcription
  • ensures export from the nucleus
  • important in translation
57
Q

What does alternative splicing of pre-mRNA do?

A

Produce different proteins from the SAME gene

58
Q

What does a mature mRNA consist of?

A
  • 5’ cap
  • 5’ UTR (untranslated region)
  • Coding Region (translated into protein)
  • 3’ UTR
  • Poly-A-tail
59
Q

What regulates the function of mature mRNA?

A

The 3’ UTR

60
Q

What are the different types of AA?

A
  • Small
  • Nucleophilic
  • Hydrophobic
  • Aromatic
  • Acidic
  • Amide
  • Basic
61
Q

What do DNA base triplets represent?

A

Each AA

62
Q

What are base triplets in mRNA called?

A

Codons

63
Q

How many AA and mRNA codons are there?

A

AA=20

mRNA codons= 64 (4^3)

64
Q

What does the degenerate code mean?

A

More than 1 codon codes for each of the 20 AA

65
Q

What parts of the codon are the most important?

A

The 1st 2 bases

66
Q

What does the degeneracy of the genetic code help with?

A

Gives tolerance against mutations

67
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (methionine)

68
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAG
UAA
UGA

69
Q

Describe the mutation in Sickle cell anaemia?

A

The change in AA sequence = haemoglobin to CRYSTALLISE when O2 levels are low, causing the sickle shape

70
Q

What does the accumulation of sickle cells in small blood vessels show?

A
  • Downstream tissue ischaemia = pain +infarction

- Severe cases = organ damage + ischaemic stroke

71
Q

Where is the DNA code transcribed into mRNA?

A

In the nucleus

72
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

OUTSIDE the nucleus

73
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

-Ribosomal RNA + ribosomal proteins

74
Q

What are the components of a ribosome?

A

60s subunit + 40s subunit

75
Q

What do tRNAs have that allow them to match up to the mRNA code?

A

Complementary base triplets

76
Q

Is there a tRNA for each codon?

A

YES

77
Q

What are attached to tRNA molecules?

A

AA

78
Q

How are AA assembled in the correct sequence?

A

The matching of tRNA + mRNA

79
Q

tRNA bound —-> AA = ?

A

Aminoacyl tRNA / charge tRNA

80
Q

tRNA molecule with AA removed = ?

A

Deacylated / uncharged tRNA

81
Q

tRNA molecule bound —-> growing polypeptide chain = ?

A

Peptidyl tRNA

82
Q

What is initiation?

A

Binding of ribosome to 5’ end of mRNA + H binding of the anticodon of an aminoacylated tRNA carrying methionine on the AUG start codon

83
Q

What is elongation?

A
  • The addition of further AA to the growing polypeptide chain brought by corresponding aminoacylated tRNAs
  • Peptidyl transferase creates covalent peptide bonds between AA
84
Q

What is termination?

A

When the stop codon is reached+ the peptide and the ribosomal subunits are released

85
Q

If a protein has to go to the cytoplasm, where is it synthesized?

A

Free ribosomes

86
Q

If a protein has to go to be secreted out of the cell , where is it synthesized?

A

On the ribosomes attached to the RER

87
Q

What is the RER?

A

A system of flattened cavities

88
Q

What is the RER lined with?

A

By a thin membrane running from the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm + studded with ribosomes

89
Q

What does the RER provide for protein synthesis?

A

Compartment

90
Q

What do secreted proteins have that interact with the RER membrane?

A

Special signal sequences

91
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small spherical compartments made from the RER membrane

92
Q

How are secreted proteins incorporated for transport to the Golgi complex?

A

Into vesicles

93
Q

What is the Golgi complex?

A

A system flattened plate-like cavities

94
Q

What is the GA lined by?

A

A thin membrane

95
Q

What happens in the GA cavities?

A

Post-translational modification of protein e.g. glycosylation of membrane spanning proteins

96
Q

After the vesicles move to the golgi apparatus + post-translational modification occurs, what happens next?

A
  • The now modified protein TRAVERSES the GA + is packaged into secretory vesicles
  • They then move + fuse + expel contents into the extracellular space (exocytosis) at the cell membrane
97
Q

What are specialised GA vesicles called?

A

Lysosomes

-contain enzymes that digest old organelles

Alia - Biology (10 decks)

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