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Alia - Biology > Lecture 5-Organelles > Flashcards

Lecture 5-Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains all the cellular components between the plasma membrane + the nucleus

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2
Q

What are the 2 components of the cytoplasm?

A
  • The cytosol

- The organelles

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3
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The intracellular fluid of the cytoplasm

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4
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialised structures which co-operate to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

How much of the cell volume is cytosol?

A

55%

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6
Q

How much of a cell is h20?

A

75-90%

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7
Q

Function of the cytosol?

A

The site for a wide range of enzymatically-controlled reactions

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8
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Maintain cell shape + internal organisation

- Provide mechanical support (allows cell division + movement)

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton?

A

1) Microfilaments
2) Intermediate filaments
3) Microtubules

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11
Q

Where are microfilaments found?

A

Around the edge of a cell

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12
Q

Examples of microfilaments

A

ACTIN + MYOSIN

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13
Q

What is the function of microfilaments

A

Help generate movement

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14
Q

Describe the 3 types of movement microfilaments help generate?

A

1) contraction
2) locomotion
3) cell division

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15
Q

How do microfilaments provide cell strength + shape?

A

Through mechanical support

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16
Q

What role do microfilaments play in the small intestine?

A

They create microvilli

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17
Q

How strong are intermediate filaments?

A

Very strong

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18
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found?

A

In cells with a lot of mechanical stress

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19
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

Help stabilise the positions of organelles

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20
Q

Examples of intermediate filaments?

A
  • KERATIN
  • vimentin
  • LAMIN
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21
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Long, unbranched hollow tubules made from tubulin

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22
Q

What do microtubules form and how are they positioned?

A

The centrosome

-They radiate outwards

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23
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

They help with cell #

  • Strength
  • Shape
  • Movement
    e. g. VESICLES DURING DIVISION
  • Structure to flagella + cilia
    e. g. SPERMATOZOA
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24
Q

What are centrosomes associated with?

A

The nuclear membrane during the PROPHASE STAGE

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25
Q

What cytoskeleton is the thinnest?

A

Microfilaments

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26
Q

What cytoskeleton is a more permanent fixture?

A

Inetrmediate filaments

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27
Q

What cytoskeleton is the thickest?

A

Microtubules

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28
Q

Where is the centrosome found?

A

CLOSE to the nucleus

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29
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

The main microtubule organising centre + regulator of cell cycle progression

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30
Q

What 2 centrioles make up a centrosome?

A

1) Cylindrical structures

2) Pericentriolar material

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31
Q

Describe the cylindrical structures found in centrosomes?

A

A circle of 9 clusters of microtubule triplets , both at right angles to each other

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32
Q

Describe the pericentriolar material found in centrosomes?

A

Surrounds the centriole + consists of numerous rings of tubulin

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33
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

Growth + movement of the MITOTIC SPINDLE during cell division

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34
Q

In dividing eukaryotic cells , how do microtubules spread?

A

They spread out from the centrosome

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35
Q

How many centrosomes are there when the cell is not dividing?

A

1

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36
Q

Upon division, what happens to the centrosome?

A

It replicates early forming the SPINDLE APPARATUS

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37
Q

What are cilia + flagella made of?

A

Microtubules

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38
Q

What are cilia + flagella?

A

Motile projections on the cell surface

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39
Q

Describe cilia?

A

Numerous , short hair-like projections

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40
Q

Describe the structure of cilia?

A

Anchored to a basal body + a crore of microtubules with 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair (all enclosed in a membrane)

41
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

Transport fluid along cell surfaces

42
Q

What does smoking do to the cilia?

A

Destroy them

43
Q

What happens when the cilia are destroyed by smoking?

A

There’s a buildup of mucus,dust+bacteria within the lungs

44
Q

What does the cilia pass towards the uterus and what is the effect of this?

A

The oocyte

-Increased risk of an ectopic pregnancy

45
Q

What is the difference in structure between a cilia and flagella?

A

They are much longer + only 1 found in a cell

46
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of membranes composed of flattened sacs + tubules extending from the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm

47
Q

What do proteins synthesized by ribosomes enter the ER space for?

A

Processing + sorting

48
Q

What are the role of enzymes in the ER?

A

Attach carb groups / proteins to phospholipids

49
Q

How are molecules made in the ER incorporated into membranes?

A

Via exocytosis

50
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes?

A

Large subunit + small subunit synthesized separately in the nucleolus

51
Q

What are ribosomes rich in ?

A

Ribosomal RNA (OVER 50 PROTEINS)

52
Q

Where can you find ribosomes?

A

Free in the cytoplasm / within the mitochondria

53
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

54
Q

Where does the smooth ER extend from?

A

The smooth ER

55
Q

What is the difference between the rough + smooth ER?

A

No ribosomes

-More enzymes (diverse functions)

56
Q

Describe + explain the functions of the smooth ER?

A
  • Synthesizes fatty acids + steroids
  • Help release glucose in the liver from gluc-6-p
  • Detoxifies lipid soluble drugs
57
Q

Give an example of substances the Smooth ER synthesizes?

A

Estrogens + testosterone

58
Q

Give examples of lipid soluble drugs the smooth ER detoxifies?

A

Alcohol + pesticides

59
Q

What happens when people abuse phenobarbital?

A

There’s a change in the smooth ER in liver cells

60
Q

What does the change in the smooth ER caused by phenobarbital do?

A

Cells produce MORE smooth ER to counteract the poison + need more to feel the same effect

61
Q

Where are most proteins form the rough ER transported to?

A

The golgi body

62
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi complex?

A

3-20 membranous cisternae with bulging edges arranged in a stack

63
Q

Where do the entry/cis + the exit/trans face face?

A 
Entry/cis = the ER
Exit/trans = the Plasma membrane
64
Q

The sacs between the golgi complex are what?

A

Medial cisternae

65
Q

What does retrograde transport refer to?

A

The motion from the periphery of the cell —–> to the centre

66
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Digestion of substances entering the cell

67
Q

Describe the 2 ways that lysosomes digest substances?

A 
Autophagy = worn out organelles
Autolysis = entire cells
68
Q

What is autophagy required for?

A
  • Renewal
  • Cellular differentiation
  • Control of growth
  • Tissue remodelling
69
Q

Describe Tay-Sachs disease?

A
  • Affects children
  • Mutation of lysosomal enzyme Hex A
  • Causes build-up of glycolipid ganglioside GM2
  • Destroys nerve cell function
  • Seizures , muscle rigidity + blindness
70
Q

What is the difference between lysosomes + peroxisomes?

A

Peroxisomes are smaller

71
Q

What do peroxisomes contain?

A

Oxidases

72
Q

What are peroxisomes involved in?

A

AA + fatty acid metabolism

73
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Oxidise toxic substances

74
Q

What type of toxic substances do peroxisomes oxidises and ho does this relate to the liver?

A

Alcohol (High copy number in the liver)

75
Q

Why does peroxisomes contain the enzyme CATALASE?

A

To protect against toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide (made in oxidation reactions)

76
Q

What type of groups do peroxisomal disorders form?

A

Heterogeneous disease group (different degrees of severity)

77
Q

What do metabolic diseases of dysfunctional peroxisomes lead to?

A

Brain disorders + respiratory infections

78
Q

What do lysosomes degrade?

A

Proteins delivered in vesicles

79
Q

What do proteasomes degrade?

A

Free cytosolic proteins

80
Q

What are free cytosolic proteins?

A

Unneeded / damaged / faulty proteins

81
Q

What are proteasomes important in?

A

Negative feedback

82
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Switch off a pathway once a response has been achieved

83
Q

How many proteasomes does a cell typically have?

A

Thousands

84
Q

What do proteasomes contain?

A

Protease enzymes

85
Q

What causes Alxheimer’s disease?

A

The build-up of misfolded proteins in brain cells

86
Q

What is the function of mitochondrions?

A

Site of aerobic respiration (converts glucose to produce energy)

87
Q

How many mitochondrias do cells typically have?

A

100-1000s

88
Q

What are the other functions of mitochondria?

A

Signalling , cell differentiation , cell death

89
Q

What does a mitochondrion contain?

A
  • 2 Membranes made of PHOSPHOLIPID double layers

- Proteins

90
Q

Describe the layers that make up a mitochondria?

A

1) Outer mitochondrial membrane
2) Intermembrane space
3) Inner mitochondrial membrane
4) Cristae space
5) Matrix space

91
Q

What are the three main steps to generating ATP from mitochondria?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Citric acid cycle
3) Krebs cycle
* 4)ATP SYNTHESIS

92
Q

Where are mitochondria not found?

A

Red blood cells

93
Q

Where are enzymes needed for respiration found?

A

The matrix + on the cristae

94
Q

What role do the nuclear pores on nucleus for?

A

Channels for ions + active transport for RNAs + proteins

95
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Clusters of protein,DNA + RNA responsible for producing proteins

96
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template with resulting transfer of genetic info to the messenger RNA

97
Q

Name 3 macromolecules?

A

Proteins, CHO + fats

98
Q

FUNCTIONS?

1) Cytoskeleton
2) Rough ER
3) Smooth ER
4) Golgi body
5) Nucleus
6) Ribosomes

A

1) Cytoskeleton - support/structure
2) Rough ER - proteins
3) Smooth ER - makes fats/releases glucose
4) Golgi body - processing/packaging
5) Nucleus - transcription
6) Ribosomes - translation = synthesis of proteins

Alia - Biology (10 decks)

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