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Alia - Biology > Lecture 3-Lipids > Flashcards

Lecture 3-Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

C, H , O and sometimes P

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2
Q

Are lipids polymers?

A

NO

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3
Q

Are lipids polar and why?

A

No, mostly C-H + C-C bonds

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4
Q

Why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

They are non-polar

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5
Q

What substances are lipids soluble in?

A

Non-polar solvents e.g. hexane

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6
Q

Fats are ….. @RT

A

SOLIDS

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7
Q

Oils are …… @RT

A

LIQUIDS

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8
Q

Waxes are ….. @RT

A

SOLIDS, they’re very hydrophobic

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9
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

Membrane bi-layers

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10
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

Lanosterol

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11
Q

What distinctive structure do steroids have?

A

A 4 C ring structure

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12
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

A type of dietary fat

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13
Q

What are the 2 components of triglycerides?

A

1x glycerol

3x fatty acids

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14
Q

How are fatty acids linked to the glycerol backbone?

A

Via ESTER BONDS

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15
Q

What does the hydrolysis of triglycerides require?

A

Triglyceride lipase + H20

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16
Q

What are the advantages of free fatty acids?

A

They’re more easily absorbed + transported in th gut

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17
Q

Name a saturated fatty acid?

A

Palimate

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18
Q

Name a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Oleate

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19
Q

Why are some FFAs essential + name them?

A

They can’t be synthesised by the body.

1) Omega-3 e.g. ALPHA LINOLENIC ACID
2) Omega-6 e.g. LINOLEIC ACID

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20
Q

What do FAs form?

A

Compact triglycerides that are solids @ RT

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21
Q

Why do unsaturated fatty acids form loosely packed triglycerides that are liquid @ RT?

A

Because of cis bonds

OLIVE OIL >80% oleic acid (18c)

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22
Q

What is the basic structure of steroids?

A

4 fused C rings + various side groups

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23
Q

How is Lanosterol formed?

A

The cyclization of squalene

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24
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Lipids with a phosphate group covalently bonded —> glycerol backbone

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25
Q

Name 2 properties of the phosphate group in a phospholipid?

A
  • Polar

- Hydrophilic

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26
Q

Name 2 properties of the fatty acid groups in a phospholipid?

A
  • Non-polar

- Hydrophobic

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27
Q

What are the different variable side groups on a phospholipid?

A
  • H
  • Ethanolamine
  • Serine
  • Choline
  • Inositol
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28
Q

What is a micelle?

A

A spherical arrangement of lipid molecules

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29
Q

What is a bilayer?

A

2 Layers of lipids organized as as sheet

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30
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A complex structure that physically separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

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31
Q

What other functions does the cell membrane have?

A

Anchors to extracellular structures + cells required for tissue formation

32
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipids covalently attached to an oligosaccharide

33
Q

What do glycolipids form part of?

A

The cell membrane + glycocalyx

34
Q

What do glycolipids determine?

A

ABO blood group

35
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Soluble complexes that transport lipids + synthesized in the liver

36
Q

Describe the structure of a lipoprotein?

A

Spherical particles with a central hydrophobic core.

37
Q

What do lipoproteins contain?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Esterified cholesterol
  • Other lipids + fat soluble vitamins
38
Q

What does the external hydrophilic layer of a lipoprotein contain?

A

Apoproteins
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

39
Q

What is the function of apoproteins in lipoproteins?

A

Stabilise the structure + regulate enzyme activity at the lipoprotein interface

40
Q

What are the groups lipoproteins are classified as?

A
  • Chylomicrons
  • VLDL
  • IDL
  • LDL
  • HDL
41
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A

They carry dietary fat from the small intestine —–> liver

42
Q

Where are VLDLs produced and what do they do?

A
  • Produced = liver ( synthesised form TGs + CE)

- Carry fat to target tissues

43
Q

How are IDLs and LDLs formed?

A

TGs gradually removed from circulating VLDL—>IDL—->LDL

44
Q

What does HDLs do?

A

Carries cholesterol —–> (good cholesterol)

45
Q

What lipoprotein reduces atherosclerosis?

A

HDL

46
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

When arteries become clogged with fatty material (sites of fatty deposition called plaques)

47
Q

What’s the optimal HDL profile?

A

> 60mg/dL

48
Q

What’s the optimal LDL profile?

A

60-130mg/dL

49
Q

What’s the optimal TGs profile?

A

<150mg/dL

50
Q

What’s the optimal cholesterol profile?

A

<200mg/dL

51
Q

What are the stages of atherosclerosis?

A

1) atheroma
2) cap/scar
3) stress
4) thrombosis

52
Q

What has energy rich C-H bonds available for chemical reactions?

A

TG’s + FFAs

53
Q

How are triglycerides stored in adipocytes?

A

As lipid droplets in the cytoplasm in adipose tissue

54
Q

What is the function of white adipose tissue?

A

Cushion internal drugs e.g. shock absorber

55
Q

What does white adipose tissues give?

A
  • Insulation
  • Protection internal organs from changes in temperature
  • Reduce skin heat loss
56
Q

What is brown adipose tissue useful for?

A

Generating body heat via numerous fat vacuoles + mitochondria

57
Q

What issues are excess adipose associated with?

A

atherosclerosis
thrombosis
stenosis
aneurysms

58
Q

How does excess adipose tissue cause issues with organs?

A

Exerts undue pressure on organs

59
Q

How does excess adipose tissue cause issues in endocrine organ?

A

Produces pro-inflammatory adipokines (leptin + cytokine TNF alpha)

60
Q

How does excess adipose tissue cause issues in thrombosis?

A

Clotting of circulating blood

61
Q

How does excess adipose tissue cause issues with stenosis?

A

abnormal narrowing of a body passage (blood vessel)

62
Q

How does excess adipose tissue cause issues with aneurysms?

A

Blood filled bulge in a blood vessel wall

63
Q

What type of insulation do phospholipids form around nerve fibres?

A

Myelin insulation

64
Q

What function does myelin have?

A

Increases speed of nervous impulses

65
Q

Do schwann cells produce myelin peripherally / centrally?

A

Peripherally (oligodendrocytes are centrally)

66
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble and lipid/steroid derived?

A

Vitamins A , D , E, K

67
Q

Vitamin A

A

Retinol/carotenoids

-healthy teeth,skin,sight

68
Q

Vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol

-absorption of ca2+ —-> healthy bones

69
Q

Vitamin E

A

Tocopherol (found in oils)

-Antioxidant,protection against cell damage

70
Q

Vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone + Menaquinone

-Coagulation of blood

71
Q

What are steroidal hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

72
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from what?

A

OMEGA-3 + OMEGA-6 FAs

73
Q

Examples of eicosanoids?

A
  • Prostaglandins (inflammation,vascular tone)
  • Leukotrienes (asthma,allergy)
  • Thromboxanes (vascular tone,platelet aggregation)
74
Q

How is skin moisture loss reduced?

A

Through lipid layers

75
Q

How is moisture loss reduced from the cornea?

A

Lipid layer on tear film

Alia - Biology (10 decks)

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