Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Alia - Biology > Lecture 3-Lipids > Flashcards

Lecture 3-Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

C, H , O and sometimes P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are lipids polymers?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are lipids polar and why?

A

No, mostly C-H + C-C bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

They are non-polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What substances are lipids soluble in?

A

Non-polar solvents e.g. hexane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fats are ….. @RT

A

SOLIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oils are …… @RT

A

LIQUIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Waxes are ….. @RT

A

SOLIDS, they’re very hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

Membrane bi-layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

Lanosterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What distinctive structure do steroids have?

A

A 4 C ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

A type of dietary fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 components of triglycerides?

A

1x glycerol

3x fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are fatty acids linked to the glycerol backbone?

A

Via ESTER BONDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the hydrolysis of triglycerides require?

A

Triglyceride lipase + H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the advantages of free fatty acids?

A

They’re more easily absorbed + transported in th gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name a saturated fatty acid?

A

Palimate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Oleate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are some FFAs essential + name them?

A

They can’t be synthesised by the body.

1) Omega-3 e.g. ALPHA LINOLENIC ACID
2) Omega-6 e.g. LINOLEIC ACID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do FAs form?

A

Compact triglycerides that are solids @ RT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do unsaturated fatty acids form loosely packed triglycerides that are liquid @ RT?

A

Because of cis bonds

OLIVE OIL >80% oleic acid (18c)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the basic structure of steroids?

A

4 fused C rings + various side groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is Lanosterol formed?

A

The cyclization of squalene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Lipids with a phosphate group covalently bonded —> glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name 2 properties of the phosphate group in a phospholipid?
- Polar | - Hydrophilic
26
Name 2 properties of the fatty acid groups in a phospholipid?
- Non-polar | - Hydrophobic
27
What are the different variable side groups on a phospholipid?
- H - Ethanolamine - Serine - Choline - Inositol
28
What is a micelle?
A spherical arrangement of lipid molecules
29
What is a bilayer?
2 Layers of lipids organized as as sheet
30
What is the cell membrane?
A complex structure that physically separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
31
What other functions does the cell membrane have?
Anchors to extracellular structures + cells required for tissue formation
32
What are glycolipids?
Lipids covalently attached to an oligosaccharide
33
What do glycolipids form part of?
The cell membrane + glycocalyx
34
What do glycolipids determine?
ABO blood group
35
What are lipoproteins?
Soluble complexes that transport lipids + synthesized in the liver
36
Describe the structure of a lipoprotein?
Spherical particles with a central hydrophobic core.
37
What do lipoproteins contain?
- Triglycerides - Esterified cholesterol - Other lipids + fat soluble vitamins
38
What does the external hydrophilic layer of a lipoprotein contain?
Apoproteins Phospholipids Cholesterol
39
What is the function of apoproteins in lipoproteins?
Stabilise the structure + regulate enzyme activity at the lipoprotein interface
40
What are the groups lipoproteins are classified as?
- Chylomicrons - VLDL - IDL - LDL - HDL
41
What do chylomicrons do?
They carry dietary fat from the small intestine -----> liver
42
Where are VLDLs produced and what do they do?
- Produced = liver ( synthesised form TGs + CE) | - Carry fat to target tissues
43
How are IDLs and LDLs formed?
TGs gradually removed from circulating VLDL--->IDL---->LDL
44
What does HDLs do?
Carries cholesterol -----> (good cholesterol)
45
What lipoprotein reduces atherosclerosis?
HDL
46
What is atherosclerosis?
When arteries become clogged with fatty material (sites of fatty deposition called plaques)
47
What's the optimal HDL profile?
>60mg/dL
48
What's the optimal LDL profile?
60-130mg/dL
49
What's the optimal TGs profile?
<150mg/dL
50
What's the optimal cholesterol profile?
<200mg/dL
51
What are the stages of atherosclerosis?
1) atheroma 2) cap/scar 3) stress 4) thrombosis
52
What has energy rich C-H bonds available for chemical reactions?
TG's + FFAs
53
How are triglycerides stored in adipocytes?
As lipid droplets in the cytoplasm in adipose tissue
54
What is the function of white adipose tissue?
Cushion internal drugs e.g. shock absorber
55
What does white adipose tissues give?
- Insulation - Protection internal organs from changes in temperature - Reduce skin heat loss
56
What is brown adipose tissue useful for?
Generating body heat via numerous fat vacuoles + mitochondria
57
What issues are excess adipose associated with?
atherosclerosis thrombosis stenosis aneurysms
58
How does excess adipose tissue cause issues with organs?
Exerts undue pressure on organs
59
How does excess adipose tissue cause issues in endocrine organ?
Produces pro-inflammatory adipokines (leptin + cytokine TNF alpha)
60
How does excess adipose tissue cause issues in thrombosis?
Clotting of circulating blood
61
How does excess adipose tissue cause issues with stenosis?
abnormal narrowing of a body passage (blood vessel)
62
How does excess adipose tissue cause issues with aneurysms?
Blood filled bulge in a blood vessel wall
63
What type of insulation do phospholipids form around nerve fibres?
Myelin insulation
64
What function does myelin have?
Increases speed of nervous impulses
65
Do schwann cells produce myelin peripherally / centrally?
Peripherally (oligodendrocytes are centrally)
66
What vitamins are fat soluble and lipid/steroid derived?
Vitamins A , D , E, K
67
Vitamin A
Retinol/carotenoids | -healthy teeth,skin,sight
68
Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol | -absorption of ca2+ ----> healthy bones
69
Vitamin E
Tocopherol (found in oils) | -Antioxidant,protection against cell damage
70
Vitamin K
Phylloquinone + Menaquinone | -Coagulation of blood
71
What are steroidal hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
72
Eicosanoids are derived from what?
OMEGA-3 + OMEGA-6 FAs
73
Examples of eicosanoids?
- Prostaglandins (inflammation,vascular tone) - Leukotrienes (asthma,allergy) - Thromboxanes (vascular tone,platelet aggregation)
74
How is skin moisture loss reduced?
Through lipid layers
75
How is moisture loss reduced from the cornea?
Lipid layer on tear film

Alia - Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions